{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1769464856915,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dental and respiratory diseases are common in companion rabbits. While upper respiratory tract disorders have been described in association with dental pathology, the possible correlation between dental disease and pulmonary lesions has not yet been investigated. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on client-owned rabbits presented for suspected dental disease that underwent head and thoracic computed tomography (2012\u20132025) at a veterinary teaching hospital. Seventy-three rabbits met the inclusion criteria (mean age 4.96 years). Results: Dental involvement was present in 81% (59\/73) of the rabbits and pulmonary lesions in 29% (21\/73). Among rabbits with dental disease, frequent osseous findings included osteomyelitis (49%), inflammatory resorption (42%), and maxillary deformities (33%). Pulmonary abnormalities occurred in 32% of rabbits with dental disease compared to 14% of those without. In Poisson models with log link adjusted for age and sex, dental disease was not significantly associated with pulmonary lesions (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.14; 95% CI 0.55\u20138.38; p = 0.275). Sensitivity analyses using 1:1 matching with cluster-robust variance (PR 3.24; 95% CI 0.65\u201316.1; p = 0.152) and overlap-weighted doubly robust estimation (PR 2.08; 95% CI 0.42\u201310.4; p = 0.371) yielded directionally positive but imprecise results. Conclusions: Computed tomography proved valuable for the evaluation of thoracic comorbidities in rabbits with dental disease. Although dental and pulmonary abnormalities were often observed together, a statistically significant association was not established. Larger, prospective studies are warranted to further clarify this relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16020342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T14:58:40Z","timestamp":1769180320000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computed Tomographic Study in 73 Pet Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Evaluation of the Correlation Between Dental and Thoracic Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7651-8628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenda","family":"Murciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic Veterinari, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7373-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Alonso-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic Veterinari, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Novellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic Veterinari, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0253-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Fonseca-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroaliment\u00e0ries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat Mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9031-0042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaume","family":"Martorell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic Veterinari, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma-Medel, T., Marcone, D., and Alegr\u00eda-Mor\u00e1n, R. (2023). Dental Disease in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Its Risk Factors\u2014A Private Practice Study in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040676"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.4.103","article-title":"Survey of the Husbandry, Health and Welfare of 102 Pet Rabbits","volume":"159","author":"Mullan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley, B. (2005). Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of Exotic Species: Structure and Function of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians, Elsevier Saunders. Reprinted."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12346","article-title":"Impact of Diet on Incisor Growth and Attrition and the Development of Dental Disease in Pet Rabbits","volume":"56","author":"Meredith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Quesenberry, K.E., Orcutt, C.J., Mans, C., and Carpenter, J.W. (2021). Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6hmer, E. (2015). Dentistry in Rabbits and Rodents, Wiley. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118802557"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.31.8.370","article-title":"Dental Disease in Pet Rabbits: 1. Normal Dentition, Pathogenesis and Aetiology","volume":"31","year":"2009","journal-title":"In Practice"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Harcourt-Brown, F. (2002). Textbook of Rabbit Medicine, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2011.03.002","article-title":"Rabbit Respiratory System: Clinical Anatomy, Physiology and Disease","volume":"14","author":"Orosz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.05.0330","article-title":"Computed Tomographic Findings of Nasal and Paranasal Disease in Domestic Rabbits Highlight Maxillary Sinusitis and Close Association with Dental Disease: 100 Studies (2004\u20132024)","volume":"263","author":"Mikoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.05.001","article-title":"Diagnostic Imaging of Dental Disease in Pet Rabbits and Rodents","volume":"19","author":"Capello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0340-x","article-title":"Computed Tomography of the Thorax in Rabbits: A Prospective Study in Ten Clinically Healthy New Zealand White Rabbits","volume":"59","author":"Wenger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16661","article-title":"A One Health Review of Aerodigestive Disease in Dogs","volume":"37","author":"Grobman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.11.1748","article-title":"Etiology and Clinical Outcome in Dogs with Aspiration Pneumonia: 88 Cases (2004\u20132006)","volume":"233","author":"Kogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2007.07.004","article-title":"Associations between Periodontal Diseases and Systemic Diseases: A Review of the Inter-Relationships and Interactions with Diabetes, Respiratory Diseases, Cardiovascular Diseases and Osteoporosis","volume":"122","author":"Kuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07332","article-title":"The Oral-Lung Axis: The Impact of Oral Health on Lung Health","volume":"65","author":"Gaeckle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.060010","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Association Between Respiratory Diseases and Oral Health","volume":"77","author":"Azarpazhooh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)31374-X","article-title":"Colonization of Dental Plaques: A Reservoir of Respiratory Pathogens for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Institutionalized Elders","volume":"126","author":"Pietrantoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borawski, W., Kie\u0142bowicz, Z., Kubiak-Nowak, D., Prz\u0105dka, P., and Pasternak, G. (2024). Computed Tomographic Findings of Dental Disease and Secondary Diseases of the Head Area in Client-Owned Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): 90 Cases. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14081160"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1996.67.10s.1114","article-title":"Relationships Between Periodontal Disease and Bacterial Pneumonia","volume":"67","author":"Scannapieco","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.7.793","article-title":"Role of Oral Bacteria in Respiratory Infection","volume":"70","author":"Scannapieco","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1714562","article-title":"Aspiration Pneumonia","volume":"380","author":"Mandell","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"244","article-title":"Potential Role of Periodontal Infection in Respiratory Diseases\u2014A Review","volume":"6","author":"Bansal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.2001.6.1.78","article-title":"Oral Bacteria and Respiratory Infection: Effects on Respiratory Pathogen Adhesion and Epithelial Cell Proinflammatory Cytokine Production","volume":"6","author":"Scannapieco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649601300201","article-title":"Association of Periodontal Disease and Histologic Lesions in Multiple Organs from 45 Dogs","volume":"13","author":"DeBowes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Vet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Seiler, G.S., and Thrall, D.E. (2025). Thrall\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, Elsevier. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13575","article-title":"Computed Tomographic Findings in Dogs with Suspected Aspiration Pneumonia: 38 Cases (2014\u20132019)","volume":"64","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s40134-017-0209-9","article-title":"Imaging of Pneumonia: An Overview","volume":"5","author":"Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Radiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.257.3.313","article-title":"Computed Tomographic Findings of Dental Disease in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): 100 Cases (2009\u20132017)","volume":"257","author":"Artiles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sargo, R., Tom\u00e9, I., Silva, F., and Ginja, M. (2024). Evaluation of the Effects of Sedation and Anesthesia on Total Lung Volume and Attenuation in Rabbit Lung CT Exams. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.1678.v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70063","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.70063","article-title":"Computed Tomographic and Clinical Findings in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) with Pulmonary Emphysema","volume":"66","author":"Athinodorou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2023.02.009","article-title":"Spontaneous Pneumothorax Pet Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Four Cases (2017\u20132022)","volume":"45","author":"Guillerit","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/2\/342\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:34:56Z","timestamp":1769427296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/2\/342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16020342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16020342","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}