{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:46:29Z","timestamp":1788367589269,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFE0100200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0100200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32161143032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32161143032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Specially Appointed Expert Program of Tianchi Talent Program in Xinjiang Province","award":["CARS36-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS36-16"]}]},{"name":"National Germplasm Center of Domestic Animal Resources and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["ASTIP-2016-IAS-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTIP-2016-IAS-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine if the use of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and ketoprofen would affect the pregnancy percentages of dairy cows following timed artificial insemination (TAI). This experiment was conducted on a commercial dairy farm in China involving 799 healthy Holstein cows (2\u20134 parities) between October and December 2024. Cows were randomly assigned to three groups: hCG-3 = treated with (0 d: GnRH, 100 \u03bcg; 7\u20138 d: PGF2\u03b1, 0.4 mg; 52 h: GnRH, 100 \u03bcg; 14\u201316 h: TAI) + hCG 3 vials (300 \u00b5g)\/cow on day 7 of TAI; hCG-2 group = TAI + 2 vials (200 \u00b5g) hCG\/cow on day 7; and hCG+ketoprofen = TAI + 300 \u00b5g hCG\/cow + ketoprofen 10 mL\/cow on days 15 and 16 of TAI. Metabolomic profiling (untargeted and targeted) of 22 pregnant cows was conducted on serum collected on days 17 and 21 post-TAI. Results indicated greater pregnancy percentages in the cows of the hCG+ketoprofen-treated group compared to those in the other two groups (60.1% compared with 49.6% and 41.9%). The cows treated with hCG+ketoprofen had less oxidative stress markers, downregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and upregulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism on day 17 after TAI, indicating that there was upregulation of tryptophan and serotonergic pathways, increased amino acid metabolism and continued anti-inflammatory effects on day 21 after TAI. These findings were confirmed by evaluation data collected by conducting the targeted metabolomic procedures, as indicated by the greater progesterone and melatonin and lesser 17-estradiol and 21-deoxycortisol concentrations. These findings indicate that combined hCG+ketoprofen administrations following the TAI treatment regimen improve pregnancy percentages in dairy cattle as a result of metabolic and endocrine milieu modulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16020343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T14:58:40Z","timestamp":1769180320000},"page":"343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metabolomic Markers Reveal How hCG\u2013Ketoprofen Intervention Increase Pregnancy Percentage Following Timed Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3399-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubdar Ali","family":"Kolachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Department of Theriogenology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4910-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse Oluwaseun","family":"Ayantoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0130-4175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baigao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ciornei, \u0218.G. 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