{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:00:36Z","timestamp":1790654436101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province","award":["2024-XPY-00-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-XPY-00-008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reproductive performance in livestock and poultry is a core determinant of economic efficiency in the animal industry. While traditional research has primarily focused on genetics, endocrinology, and immune regulation, emerging microbiome studies reveal that commensal microbiota within the gut and reproductive tracts play an underestimated yet pivotal role in host reproductive health. This review systematically synthesizes recent advances regarding the relationship between the microbiome and reproductive functions in major livestock species (cattle, pigs, sheep, and chickens). We first delineate the theoretical basis and mechanisms of the \u201cgut-reproductive axis,\u201d highlighting cross-system communication mediated by microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoles, and bile acids. Subsequently, we provide an in-depth comparative analysis of the microecological features of both female (vagina\/uterus) and male (semen\/epididymis) reproductive systems, examining their impacts on fertility, sperm quality, and pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, we explore the molecular and systemic mechanisms governing microbial regulation of reproduction, encompassing the modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the balance of local mucosal immunity and inflammation, and epigenetic regulation. Finally, we address current challenges\u2014such as causal validation and the scarcity of multi-species databases\u2014and propose future directions, including spatial multi-omics, AI-integrated analysis, and microbial intervention strategies. Ultimately, this review aims to offer a theoretical foundation and translational insights for elucidating reproductive regulatory networks and developing microbiome-driven precision strategies to enhance reproductive performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16030371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1769190758000},"page":"371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Commensal Microbiota and Reproductive Health in Livestock: Mechanisms, Cross-System Crosstalk, and Precision Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaokun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1156-7921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Ji, Z., Wang, T., Zhu, D., Li, Z., Xu, X., and Li, F. 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