{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:29:06Z","timestamp":1791473346912,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TECHNA France Nutrition","award":["CF700528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF700528"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strategies to suppress methanogenesis must preserve the functional integrity of the rumen microbial ecosystem. Essential oils (EOs) have emerged as promising modulators of rumen microbial function, though their responses vary widely with chemical structure and inclusion level. This study evaluated the efficacy of selected EOs using detailed in vitro fermentation assays. Nine EOs\u2014cinnamon, lavender, garlic (GAR), lemongrass (LEG), peppermint (PPM), eucalyptus, coriander, oregano, and ginger (GIN)\u2014were evaluated for their effects on rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) production using a 24 h in vitro batch culture system. Eight EOs were tested at two doses (Low and High) specific to each EO, while GIN was evaluated at a single dose. All treatments were incubated in a rumen fluid\u2013buffer mix (1:1 for fermentation parameters and 1:4 for gas and CH4 measurements) with a 55:45 forage-to-concentrate substrate (pH 6.9). Overall treatment effects were significant for all measured fermentation parameters (p &lt; 0.01). Most treatments reduced total gas production, CH4 emissions, and CH4\/total gas ratios compared with the control (p &lt; 0.05), although several responses were dose-dependent or directly divergent. Essential oils showed clear, composition-dependent responses: non-terpenoid EOs produced the strongest but also the most variable antimethanogenic effects, with GAR, particularly at the lower dose, consistently achieving the greatest CH4 inhibition while maintaining a favorable fermentation pattern. Conversely, terpenoid-based EOs induced moderate, dose-responsive CH4 reductions with minimal effects on overall fermentation. At the higher dose, PPM suppressed CH4 without altering major volatile fatty acid (VFA) patterns aside from increases in valerate and branched-chain VFA, whereas LEG reduced CH4 only when accompanied by marked fermentation depression. Monensin validated its role as an effective positive control. Overall, GAR, characterized by sulfur-based bioactives, emerged as the most effective candidate for CH4 mitigation under the tested in vitro conditions, highlighting the importance of chemical composition and inclusion level in determining efficacy and reinforcing the need for in vivo validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16030373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1769426047000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["In Vitro Assessment of Essential Oils for Their Methane Mitigation Potential and Impact on Rumen Fermentation in Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5319-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Memoona","family":"Nasir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9213-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rokia","family":"Temmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2316-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhacib","family":"Kihal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Repetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3603-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Cajarville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenael","family":"Forgeard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECHNA France Nutrition, BP 10, 44220 Cou\u00ebron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihane","family":"Guihard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECHNA France Nutrition, BP 10, 44220 Cou\u00ebron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5106-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5266-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana M.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Or\u00fae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8853-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Calsamiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ungerfeld, E.M. 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