{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T22:01:11Z","timestamp":1769464871913,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Oregon National Primate Research Center and infrastructure","award":["P51-OD-011092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51-OD-011092"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is a valuable model for pregnancy research due to its physiological similarity to humans and the ability to conduct studies in a controlled environment. Our previous work used non-invasive imaging methods to assess placental hemodynamics across gestation with correlative tissue analysis post-delivery. Here, we expand access to longitudinal timepoints from ongoing pregnancies by obtaining placental biopsies using ultrasound-guided needle aspiration. This approach aligns with New Approach Methods (NAMs) and supports animal welfare by reducing the number of animals required. We describe a chorionic villus sampling (CVS) simulation model which facilitates training to gain proficiency in technical skills prior to performing the procedure on animals. We report outcomes from three rhesus macaques that underwent CVS three times between gestational days 40 to 106 (term: 165 days). Although biopsy samples are smaller than whole placenta, tissue yields were sufficient for multiple uses. We demonstrate (1) appropriate histology from aspirated samples, (2) good RNA quality and yield, and (3) the ability to isolate trophoblast organoids, an advancement in NAMs that reduces the need for first-trimester surgical delivery. No spontaneous preterm delivery occurred following serial CVS procedures, supporting the use of this sampling method to maximize animal utilization in longitudinal pregnancy studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16030374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1769426047000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of Chorionic Villus Sampling to Longitudinal Studies in Pregnant Non-Human Primate Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4673-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Cilvik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1971-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle N.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Beaverton, OR 97006, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1717-7115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore R.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Beaverton, OR 97006, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenna N.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Beaverton, OR 97006, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brady M.","family":"Wessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Beaverton, OR 97006, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6999-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry F.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Beaverton, OR 97006, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1553-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria H. J.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Beaverton, OR 97006, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.05.009","article-title":"Placental findings contributing to fetal death, a study of 120 stillbirths between 23 and 40 weeks gestation","volume":"30","author":"Kidron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.055236","article-title":"The placenta in pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"61","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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