{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T21:16:16Z","timestamp":1769807776065,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biportal endoscopic spinal surgery (BESS) is a minimally invasive technique that is widely used in human spinal procedures; however, its standardized methodology and anatomical adaptation for veterinary applications have not yet been established. This study aimed to develop a reproducible experimental framework for performing BESS in dogs and evaluate its technical feasibility. A thoracic intervertebral disc disease model was created by injecting a fluorescently dyed artificial disc material containing methylene blue into the T12\u201313 intervertebral space of 13 medium-sized canine cadavers. Portal locations were determined using a computed tomography-based measurement method, and instruments specifically designed for BESS were used to perform mini-hemilaminectomies of the accessory process. The artificial disc material was successfully removed in all cases with clear visualization of the spinal cord and nerve roots. The mean portal insertion angle and distance were 31.00 \u00b1 2.79\u00b0 and 32.95 \u00b1 3.05 mm, respectively, and the average residual material volume was 6.89% \u00b1 1.66% of the initially inserted volume. Surgical time significantly decreased as the surgeon\u2019s experience increased. These results demonstrate the successful methodological standardization of BESS tailored to canine thoracic anatomy and provide foundational data supporting its potential as a minimally invasive spinal surgery technique for future clinical veterinary applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16030435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:19:38Z","timestamp":1769761178000},"page":"435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anatomical Validation and Technical Feasibility of Biportal Endoscopic Spinal Surgery Including Technical Notes in a Cadaveric Canine Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Disease Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0960-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1805-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunha","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3530-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Hwan","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2645-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongbin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenn, J., Olby, N.J., and The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (2020). Classification of intervertebral disc disease. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.579025"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.06.001","article-title":"Intervertebral disc disease in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Brisson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(00)50004-7","article-title":"Intervertebral disk disease","volume":"30","author":"Coates","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1970.31.09.1687","article-title":"Canine intervertebral disk disease: Characterization by age, sex, breed, and anatomic site of involvement","volume":"31","author":"Goggin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Frauchiger, E., and Fankhauser, R. (1949). Nervous Diseases of Dogs, Medizinischer Verlag Hans Huber."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickinson, P.J., and Bannasch, D.L. (2020). Current understanding of the genetics of intervertebral disc degeneration. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00431"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f359","article-title":"Canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation and rehabilitation therapy after surgical decompression: A retrospective study","volume":"6","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.701","article-title":"A retrospective study of intervertebral disc herniation in dogs in Japan: 297 cases","volume":"70","author":"Itoh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0148","article-title":"Operative techniques of percutaneous endoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy using a uniportal approach in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Moon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamishina, H., Nakano, Y., Nozue, Y., Nakata, K., Kimura, S., Drury, A.G., and Maeda, S. (2021). Microendoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy and discectomy in acute thoracolumbar disc extrusion dogs: A pilot study. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100241"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O84","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12569","article-title":"Operative techniques and preliminary outcomes following percutaneous endoscopic thoracolumbar pediculectomy in dogs","volume":"45","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12098.x","article-title":"Comparison of two minimally invasive approaches to the thoracolumbar spinal canal in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Lockwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13919","article-title":"Percutaneous full endoscopic foraminotomy for treatment of cervical spinal nerve compression in horses using a uniportal approach: Feasibility study","volume":"55","author":"Swagemakers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2004.04033.x","article-title":"Endoscopic-assisted lumbosacral foraminotomy in the dog","volume":"33","author":"Wood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2346236.118","article-title":"The role and future of endoscopic spine surgery: A narrative review","volume":"20","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.2.FOCUS197","article-title":"Comparative analysis of three types of minimally invasive decompressive surgery for lumbar central stenosis: Biportal endoscopy, uniportal endoscopy, and microsurgery","volume":"46","author":"Heo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O86","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13263","article-title":"Minimally invasive microsurgical decompression of an intervertebral disc protrusion in a dog","volume":"49","author":"Guevar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.08.008","article-title":"Minimally invasive spine surgery in small animals","volume":"48","author":"Hettlich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.07.013","article-title":"Transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for thoracolumbar disc herniation: A retrospective study and technical note","volume":"178","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193408022110506","article-title":"Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal","volume":"211","author":"Mixter","year":"1934","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221083271","article-title":"Endoscopic spinal surgery (BESS and UESS) versus microscopic surgery in lumbar spinal stenosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.21182\/jmisst.2020.00024","article-title":"Overview of tips in overcoming learning curve in uniportal and biportal endoscopic spine surgery","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Spine Surg. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caspar, W. (1977). A new surgical procedure for lumbar disc herniation causing less tissue damage through a microsurgical approach. Lumbar Disc Adult Hydrocephalus, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66578-3_15"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasargil, M. (1977). Microsurgical operation of herniated lumbar disc. Lumbar Disc Adult Hydrocephalus, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66578-3_16"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"267","article-title":"Minimally invasive disc surgery with the Yeung Endoscopic Spine System (YESS)","volume":"8","author":"Yeung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(96)90069-9","article-title":"Translaminar lumbar epidural endoscopy: Anatomy, technique, and indications","volume":"12","author":"Claro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.07.009","article-title":"Irrigation endoscopic decompressive laminotomy. A new endoscopic approach for spinal stenosis decompression","volume":"15","author":"Soliman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arts, M.P., Peul, W.C., Brand, R., Koes, B.W., and Thomeer, R.T. (2006). Cost-effectiveness of microendoscopic discectomy versus conventional open discectomy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation: A prospective randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-7-42"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000244615.43199.07","article-title":"Microendoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: Surgical technique and outcome in 873 consecutive cases","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-018-0725-1","article-title":"Clinical comparison of unilateral biportal endoscopic technique versus open microdiscectomy for single-level lumbar discectomy: A multicenter, retrospective analysis","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.05.008","article-title":"Complications of minimally invasive surgery in companion animals","volume":"41","author":"Mayhew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E911","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002561","article-title":"Full-endoscopic uniportal odontoidectomy and decompression of the anterior cervicomedullary junction using the retropharyngeal approach","volume":"43","author":"Ruetten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.111","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic decompression of exiting and traversing nerve roots through a single interlaminar window using a contralateral approach","volume":"117","author":"Akbary","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2020.0119","article-title":"Unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression via the contralateral approach in asymmetric spinal stenosis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/os.13216","article-title":"Global and current research trends of unilateral biportal endoscopy\/biportal endoscopic spinal surgery","volume":"14","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2016.10.4.624","article-title":"Learning curve associated with complications in biportal endoscopic spinal surgery","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.09.015","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic versus microscopic lumbar decompressive laminectomy","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2040178.089","article-title":"Technique of biportal endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"17","author":"Heo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.SPINE15304","article-title":"Percutaneous biportal endoscopic decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"24","author":"Eum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2019.05.022","article-title":"Clinical and radiological outcomes between biportal endoscopic and microscopic decompression","volume":"25","author":"Min","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.02.038","article-title":"A systematic review of unilateral biportal endoscopic spinal surgery","volume":"125","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2022.10.019","article-title":"Unilateral biportal endoscopic versus uniportal full-endoscopic surgery","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.01.079","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes of Uniportal and Biportal Lumbar Endoscopic Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression in Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Retrospective Pair-Matched Case-Control Study","volume":"161","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2023.2214678","article-title":"Uniportal versus biportal endoscopic spine surgery","volume":"20","author":"Ahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2023.05.068","article-title":"Comparison of biportal and uniportal endoscopic techniques in ULBD","volume":"47","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.023","article-title":"Indications, Contraindications, and Complications of Biportal Endoscopic Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Lumbar Stenosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"168","author":"Heo","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaen, A., Yoshimizu, T., and Durand Neyra, F. (2022). Unilateral biportal endoscopy for complex lumbar disc herniations. Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy of the Spine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14736-4_14"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2018.10.2.248","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with arthroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-11533","article-title":"Ex-vivo evaluation of the three-column concept in canine thoracolumbar fractures","volume":"72","author":"Diamante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Huska, J. (2012). Comparison of Hemilaminectomy and Mini-Hemilaminectomy in Dog with Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion Using Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Anatomical and Radiological Study. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Guelph]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brisson, B.A. (2023). Thoracolumbar decompression: Hemilaminectomy and mini-hemilaminectomy (Pediculectomy). Advanced Techniques in Canine and Feline Neurosurgery, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119790457.ch6"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svensson, G., Simonsson, U.S., Danielsson, F., and Schwarz, T. (2017). Residual spinal cord compression following hemilaminectomy. Front. Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00042"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2018.0210","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic spinal surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-05031-7","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic thoracic decompression for OLF","volume":"164","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09799","article-title":"Thoracic and lumbar intraforaminal ligaments","volume":"13","author":"Akdemir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2018.01.039","article-title":"Unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression by 30\u00b0 endoscopy in lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.14444\/8167","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic technique for TLIF","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"975","article-title":"Presence of residual material following mini-hemilaminectomy","volume":"55","author":"Huska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/std11020007","article-title":"Technical note on unilateral biportal lumbar endoscopic interbody fusion","volume":"11","author":"Lau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Tech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"390","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic lumbar decompression","volume":"78","author":"Eun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. A"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.5.FOCUS17146","article-title":"Fully endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion using a percutaneous unilateral biportal endoscopic technique","volume":"43","author":"Heo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2143116.558","article-title":"Learning curve and complications of unilateral biportal endoscopy","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.21037\/jss.2019.09.29","article-title":"Biportal endoscopic spine surgery (BESS): Considering merits and pitfalls","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1976.tb07005.x","article-title":"Lateral spinal decompression in the dog","volume":"17","author":"Braund","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/3\/435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:31:28Z","timestamp":1769761888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/3\/435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16030435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16030435","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}}}