{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:25:38Z","timestamp":1790871938466,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8 (EHDV-8) emerged in southern Europe in 2022\u20132023, but clinical and pathological characterization in free-ranging wildlife remains limited. This study investigated EHDV-8-associated morbidity and mortality in wild ruminants in a 2023 outbreak in Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park (Ja\u00e9n, Andalusia, Spain). Moribund animals demonstrated a consistent acute neuro-respiratory syndrome characterized by weakness, ataxia, nystagmus and severe dyspnoea with frothy oral discharge. On the carcasses of 39 red deer, two fallow deer, and one mouflon, necropsy was performed and subsequently histopathology and a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on the collected samples. Gross lesions included marked pulmonary oedema, tracheal foam and widespread congestion, while histopathology revealed lymphoid depletion, pulmonary haemorrhage, vascular injury and renal tubular necrosis. All animals tested positive for EHDV-8 with low RT-qPCR cycle threshold values, indicating high viral loads. This series provides the first confirmed clinical, pathological, and molecular evidence of EHDV-8 infection in fallow deer and mouflon in Europe. The observations demonstrate that EHDV-8 causes a peracute systemic haemorrhagic disease in susceptible wild ruminants and underline the importance of integrated wildlife surveillance and timely diagnostic sampling during peak vector activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T12:42:42Z","timestamp":1770640962000},"page":"533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) Infection in Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), Fallow Deer (Dama dama) and Mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) in South-Eastern Spain: Implications for Wildlife Health and Ruminant Disease Ecology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3560-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margot","family":"Morel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadway Veterinary Group, Herne, Kent CT6 7FE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7253-8437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remco Alexander","family":"Nederlof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 2861 XZ Bergambacht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-1402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Espinosa-Cerrato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UNIVERSIDAD DE LE\u00d3N, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6670-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaco","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3467-8891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paloma","family":"Prieto-Yerro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, 23470 Cazorla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"G\u00f3mez-Guillam\u00f3n Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica en Fauna Silvestre (PVE), Consejer\u00eda de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente y Econom\u00eda Azul, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, 29002 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1042-5363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Ag\u00fcero Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ventura","family":"Talavera-Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica en Fauna Silvestre (PVE), Consejer\u00eda de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente y Econom\u00eda Azul, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, 29002 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1079-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor Natividad","family":"Camacho-Sillero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica en Fauna Silvestre (PVE), Consejer\u00eda de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente y Econom\u00eda Azul, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, 29002 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Cabello, L., Utrilla-Trigo, S., Lorenzo, G., Ortego, J., and Calvo-Pinilla, E. (2023). Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus: Current Knowledge and Emerging Perspectives. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051339"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"8027E","article-title":"Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)\u2013Systematic Literature Review report","volume":"20","author":"Swanenburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (2021). Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease (Infection with Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus), World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbi, M., Harigua-Souiai, E., Hanachi, M., Larbi, I., Chaouch, M., Rjaibi, D., Diouani, M.F., Benkahla, A., and Souiai, O. (2025). Emergence and evolution of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in the Mediterranean region: Spatio-temporal dynamics and epidemiological insights. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1569244"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.05.004","article-title":"Epizootic haemorrhagic disease","volume":"91","author":"Savini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maan, N.S., Maan, S., Nomikou, K., Johnson, D.J., El Harrak, M., Madani, H., Yadin, H., Incoglu, S., Yesilbag, K., and Allison, A.B. (2010). RT-PCR assays for seven serotypes of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus & their use to type strains from the Mediterranean region and North America. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012782"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sghaier, S., Sailleau, C., Marcacci, M., Thabet, S., Curini, V., Ben Hassine, T., Teodori, L., Portanti, O., Hammami, S., and Jurisic, L. (2022). Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 8 in Tunisia, 2021. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202211.0195.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.111.2.155","article-title":"A virus-induced epizootic hemorrhagic disease of the Virginia white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","volume":"111","author":"Shope","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2905.221773","article-title":"Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 8, Italy, 2022","volume":"29","author":"Lorusso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110069","article-title":"Emergence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in red deer (Cervus elaphus), Spain, 2022","volume":"292","author":"Valero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.12.005","article-title":"Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses: Recent developments with these globally re-emerging arboviral infections of ruminants","volume":"34","author":"Maclachlan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n (MAPA), Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a (2024). Report of Notifiable Animal Diseases: Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease, Spain 2024."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, R., De Los \u00c1ngeles Risalde, M., Cano-Terriza, D., Lorusso, A., and Spedicato, M. (2025). From Africa to Europe: The rise of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8. Vet. Ital., 61."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thabet, S., Sghaier, S., Ben Hassine, T., Slama, D., Ben Osmane, R., Ben Omrane, R., Mouelhi, W., Spedicato, M., Leone, A., and Teodori, L. (2023). Characterization of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 8 in Naturally Infected Barbary Deer (Cervus elaphus barbarus) and Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Tunisia. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071567"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.1.2349","article-title":"Mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges: Vector range and the influence of climate change","volume":"34","author":"Elbers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (OIE)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12166","article-title":"Evaluation of methods to age Scottish red deer: The balance between accuracy and practicality","volume":"294","author":"Duff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1967.tb01881.x","article-title":"Teeth as indicators of age with special reference to red deer (Cervus elaphus) of known age from Rhum","volume":"152","author":"Lowe","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinton, M.S., McMillan, B.R., Hersey, K.R., and Larsen, R.T. (2023). Estimating age of mule deer in the field: Can we move beyond broad age categories?. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284565"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-016-1056-3","article-title":"Blood extraction method by endocranial venous sinuses puncture in hunted wild ruminants","volume":"62","author":"Paniagua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13586","article-title":"Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for detection of epizootic haemorrhagic disease antibodies in domestic and wild ruminant sera","volume":"67","author":"Viarouge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01863914","article-title":"Beitrag zur kollektiven Behandlung pharmakologischer Reihenversuche","volume":"162","year":"1931","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"EURL-BT\/EHD (Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Algete) (2021). GL-LCV-09 Rev.02 (22\/06\/2021): Seroneutralisation Test for the Detection and Titration of Antibodies Against Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV), EURL-BT\/EHD."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viarouge, C., Breard, E., Zientara, S., Vitour, D., and Sailleau, C. (2015). Duplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assays for the Detection and Typing of Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132540"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199489","article-title":"Exceptional bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) circulation in France in 2023","volume":"350","author":"Gondard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1090","article-title":"Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe","volume":"3","author":"Purse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.01.001","article-title":"Culicoides and the emergence of bluetongue virus in northern Europe","volume":"17","author":"Carpenter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00849-y","article-title":"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus oral infection affects midge reproduction and is vertically transmitted to offspring in Culicoides sonorensis","volume":"15","author":"Erram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241217","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.241217","article-title":"Using the basic reproduction ratio to quantify transmission and identify data gaps for epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus","volume":"11","author":"Gubbins","year":"2024","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106656","article-title":"Spatial and temporal risk assessment of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus introduction in Europe: A comparative analysis of trade and wind dispersal pathways","volume":"245","author":"Bibard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barua, S., Rana, E.A., Prodhan, M.A., Akter, S.H., Gogoi-Tiwari, J., Sarker, S., Annandale, H., Eagles, D., Abraham, S., and Uddin, J.M. (2025). The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010020"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anthonioz, C., Abadie, Y., Reversat, E., Lafargue, A., Delalande, M., Renaudineau, T., Delobel, L., Verdeille, N., Ngwa-Mbot, D., and Gache, K. (2025). Heterogenous within-herd seroprevalence against epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus type 8 (EHDV-8) after massive virus circulation in cattle in France, 2023. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1562883"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199416","article-title":"Efficacy of an inactivated EHDV-8 vaccine in preventing viraemia and clinical signs in experimentally infected cattle","volume":"347","author":"Spedicato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/533\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T13:12:54Z","timestamp":1770642774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16040533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16040533","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]}}}