{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:01:25Z","timestamp":1777510885916,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N42A670733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A670733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-absorbable sutures provide a site for bacterial attachment and increase the risk of surgical site infections. An alternative prevention of infections requires plant-extract coatings on sutures. The objectives of this study were to develop P. betle leaf extract-coated non-absorbable sutures and to investigate their activities on staphylococci. P. betle leaves were extracted and analyzed for the phytochemicals. P. betle extract was coated on sutures, including polyester and polypropylene. The stability of hydroxychavicol on coated sutures was evaluated. Four treatments were designed, including (1) uncoated, (2) antibiotic\/extract-free-coated, (3) extract-coated, and (4) gentamicin-coated sutures. Each treatment was tested for antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. In addition, the cytotoxicity of extract-coated sutures was tested. Analysis of the extract identified hydroxychavicol (40.07%) as the primary phytochemical. Stability tests indicated higher hydroxychavicol on Day 1 of extract-coated polyester compared to polypropylene, and the levels decreased on the subsequent days (p &lt; 0.05). Antibacterial activity of extract-coated polyester showed antibacterial effects during the experiment period (5.16 \u00b1 2.35 mm), while polypropylene showed no effectiveness. Additionally, biofilm inhibition was found to be 36.63 \u00b1 27.08% and 37.34 \u00b1 26.98% in tested staphylococci for extract-coated polyester and polypropylene, respectively. Anti-adhesion showed that the extract-coated sutures had a higher ability to decrease tested bacteria attachment (56.25\u201360.42% living cell reduction). The cytotoxicity study revealed that extract-coated sutures of \u22641.5 mg\/1.5 cm had a 99% survival rate. The findings indicate that the coated sutures showed antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion effects against staphylococci causing canine skin infections and might lead to alternative surgical use in veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:16:08Z","timestamp":1770801368000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Piper betle Leaf Extract-Coated Suture Material on Clinical Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolated from Skin-Infected Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0432-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phirabhat","family":"Saengsawang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3403-2858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanawee","family":"Jakkawanpitak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fonthip","family":"Makkliang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Languages and General Education, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2419-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunchaphorn","family":"Ratchasong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3245-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantima","family":"Pruksakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4238-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phitchayapak","family":"Wintachai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumalee","family":"Boonmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ozioma F.","family":"Nwabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9048-3955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Watcharapong","family":"Mitsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.04.012","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection associated with clean surgical procedures in dogs","volume":"136","author":"Stetter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12267.x","article-title":"Prospective surgical site infection surveillance in dogs","volume":"44","author":"Turk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Chen, S., Ma, S., Jiao, Y., Hong, H., Wang, S., Huang, W., An, Q., Song, Y., and Dang, X. (2025). Antimicrobial resistance and risk factors of canine bacterial skin infections. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040309"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.1.88","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection-inflammation in dogs undergoing surgery for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament: 902 cases (2005\u20132006)","volume":"236","author":"Frey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.05.010","article-title":"Surgical site infections in small animal surgery","volume":"41","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of aerobic bacteria isolated from surgical sites in humans and animals in Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Chah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Niger. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2022.100638","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from surgical site of dogs, surgeon\u2019s hands and operating room in a veterinary teaching hospital in Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Menezes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.2.194","article-title":"Adherence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius to suture materials commonly used in small animal surgery","volume":"77","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2013.016","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms on implanted suture material are a cause of surgical site infection","volume":"15","author":"Kathju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Walker, M., Rousseau, J., and Weese, J.S. (2013). Characterization of the biofilm forming ability of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-93"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2014.901445","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance-consequences for animal health, welfare, and food production","volume":"119","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ups. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"4","article-title":"Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion activities of Piper betle leaf extract against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"204","author":"Kulnanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonhok, R., Sangkanu, S., Chuprom, J., Srisuphanunt, M., Norouzi, R., Siyadatpanah, A., Mirzaei, F., Mitsuwan, W., Wisessombat, S., and de Lourdes Pereira, M. (2021). Peganum harmala extract has antiamoebic activity to Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoites and changes expression of autophagy-related genes. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070842"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-09999-0","article-title":"Knema retusa is antibacterial and antibiofilm against antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus and S. haemolyticus isolated in bovine mastitis","volume":"47","author":"Chuprom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.11.001","article-title":"Curcuma longa rhizome extract and curcumin reduce the adhesion of Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoites and cysts in polystyrene plastic surface and contact lens","volume":"14","author":"Mitsuwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Zakaria, Z.A., Gyawali, R., Ibrahim, S.A., Rajkovic, J., Shinwari, Z.K., Khan, T., Sharifi-Rad, J., Ozleyen, A., and Turkdonmez, E. (2019). Piper species: A comprehensive review on their phytochemistry, biological activities and applications. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071364"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"105","article-title":"The species diversity of the genus Piper from Thailand","volume":"59","author":"Chaveerach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Phytotaxon. Geobot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6715","article-title":"Bio-actives of betel leaf (Piper betle L.): A comprehensive review on extraction, isolation, characterization, and biological activity","volume":"34","author":"Madhumita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.05.025","article-title":"Hydroxychavicol from Piper betle induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"166","author":"Subramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12044","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/991\/1\/012044","article-title":"Piper betle: A review on its bioactive compounds, pharmacological properties, and extraction process","volume":"991","author":"Azahar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulanowska, M., and Olas, B. (2021). Biological properties and prospects for the application of eugenol-a review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073671"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2022.13620","article-title":"Hydroxychavicol as a potential anticancer agent","volume":"25","author":"Mohamad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.81.1.84","article-title":"Investigation of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of triclosan-coated suture material on bacteria commonly isolated from wounds in dogs","volume":"81","author":"McCagherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/26896583.2020.1809286","article-title":"Triclosan: Antimicrobial mechanisms, antibiotics interactions, clinical applications, and human health","volume":"38","author":"Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C Toxicol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saengsawang, P., Tanonkaew, R., Kimseng, R., Nissapatorn, V., Wintachai, P., Rodr\u00edguez-Ortega, M.J., and Mitsuwan, W. (2025). Whole genome sequence analysis of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from superficial pyoderma in dogs and cats. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14070643"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1086\/600885","article-title":"Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: Routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"49","author":"Seng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.12982\/VIS.2022.042","article-title":"Bactericidal activity of Piper betle L. extract against antibiotic resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from pig farms in Southern Thailand","volume":"20","author":"Boripun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Integr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2012). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Approved Standard."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). VET01S: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tested for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitsuwan, W., Boripun, R., Saengsawang, P., Intongead, S., Boonplu, S., Chanpakdee, R., Morita, Y., Boonmar, S., Rojanakun, N., and Suksriroj, N. (2025). Multidrug resistance, biofilm-forming ability, and molecular characterization of Vibrio species isolated from foods in Thailand. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030235"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leesombun, A., Sungpradit, S., Bangphoomi, N., Thongjuy, O., Wechusdorn, J., Riengvirodkij, S., Wannawong, J., and Boonmasawai, S. (2023). Effects of Piper betle extracts against biofilm formation by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from dogs. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050741"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297596","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4297596","article-title":"Chemical and biological changes under force degradation and acceleration condition of the combination of Ha-Rak remedy, Piper betle, and Garcinia mangostana extracts for atopic dermatitis","volume":"2024","author":"Saesiw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"385","article-title":"Optimization studies on extraction of phytocomponents from betel leaves","volume":"3","author":"Muruganandam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113734","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Piper betle Linn. (Piper betle L.) leaves and stems by inhibiting NF-\u039aB\/MAPK\/Nrf2 signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"155","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.2135-2142","article-title":"Piper betle extract and its application in bovine teat dipping solution inhibit and eliminate biofilms in bovine mastitis-inducing staphylococci","volume":"16","author":"Sungkatavat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phensri, P., Thummasema, K., Sukatta, U., Morand, S., and Pruksakorn, C. (2022). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Piper betle leaf extract and some topical agents against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus strains from canine pyoderma. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223203"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1187-1192","article-title":"Effects of different sterilization methods of herbal formula on phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activity against mastitis-causing bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Harjanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.12.047","article-title":"Synthetic modification of hydroxychavicol by Mannich reaction and alkyne-azide cycloaddition derivatives depicting cytotoxic potential","volume":"92","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.021","article-title":"Hydroxychavicol, a key ingredient of Piper betle induces bacterial cell death by DNA damage and inhibition of cell division","volume":"120","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayaka, N.M.D.M.W., Sasadara, M.M.V., Sanjaya, D.A., Yuda, P.E.S.K., Dewi, N.L.K.A.A., Cahyaningsih, E., and Hartati, R. (2021). Piper betle (L): Recent review of antibacterial and antifungal properties, safety profiles, and commercial applications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082321"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.07.012","article-title":"Hydroxychavicol, a betel leaf component, inhibits prostate cancer through ROS-driven DNA damage and apoptosis","volume":"280","author":"Gundala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.2885","article-title":"Inhibition of FtsZ polymerization by SulA, an inhibitor of septation in Escherichia coli","volume":"95","author":"Mukherjee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratchasong, K., Saengsawang, P., Yusakul, G., Makkliang, F., Lakhanapuram, H.K., Wintachai, P., Thomrongsuwannakij, T., Nwabor, O.F., Punyapornwithaya, V., and Romyasamit, C. (2025). Bactericidal activities of nanoemulsion containing Piper betle L. leaf and hydroxychavicol against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and modelling simulation of hydroxychavicol against bacterial cell division proteins. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080788"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3844\/ajbbsp.2007.10.15","article-title":"The crude aqueous extract of Piper betle L. and its antibacterial effect towards Streptococcus mutans","volume":"3","author":"Nalina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00045-08","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroxychavicol for its potential use as an oral care agent","volume":"53","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26435","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA04611C","article-title":"Antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of extracted Piper betle leaf materials by disc diffusion assay and batch experiments","volume":"12","author":"Ngamsurach","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Chong, C.H., Mah, S.H., Abdullah, L.C., Choong, T.S.Y., and Chua, B.L. (2018). Impact of storage conditions on the stability of predominant phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity of dried Piper betle extracts. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020484"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34997","article-title":"Polycaprolactone usage in additive manufacturing strategies for tissue engineering applications: A review","volume":"110","author":"Backes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2017.05.011","article-title":"The Rise of 3-D Printing: The advantages of additive manufacturing over traditional manufacturing","volume":"60","author":"Attaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14102","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/11\/1\/014102","article-title":"Advancing the field of 3D biomaterial printing","volume":"11","author":"Jakus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-015-0001-4","article-title":"Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials","volume":"9","author":"Chia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13838-7","article-title":"3D-printed poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) scaffold integrated with cell-laden chitosan hydrogels for bone tissue engineering","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.05.021","article-title":"Selective enzymatic degradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) containing multiblock copolymers","volume":"68","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.09.031","article-title":"3D printing of hybrid biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: Calcium-polyphosphate microparticles encapsulated by polycaprolactone","volume":"64","author":"Neufurth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Yu, J., Li, H., Wang, K., Wu, G., Wang, B., Liu, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., and Zhang, J. (2020). Controllable drug release behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) surgical suture coating with ciprofloxacin (CPFX)-polycaprolactone (PCL)\/polyglycolide (PGA). Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020288"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"53","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Piper betle L. ethanolic leaf extract on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213","volume":"57","author":"Lao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Med. Philipp."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeloh, D., and Visutthi, M. (2021). Efficacy of Thai plant extracts for antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121470"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valle, D.L.J., Cabrera, E.C., Puzon, J.J.M., and Rivera, W.L. (2016). Antimicrobial activities of methanol, ethanol and supercritical CO2 extracts of Philippine Piper betle L. on clinical isolates of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with transferable multiple drug resistance. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146349"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.04.005","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Philippine medicinal plants against multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Valle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116820","article-title":"Potential natural antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of Piper betle L. against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and methicillin-resistant strains","volume":"317","author":"Jantorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogana, R., Adhikari, A., Tzar, M.N., Ramliza, R., and Wiart, C. (2020). Antibacterial activities of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from Canarium patentinervium Miq. against bacterial clinical isolates. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2837-5"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Famuyide, I.M., Aro, A.O., Fasina, F.O., Eloff, J.N., and McGaw, L.J. (2019). Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of acetone leaf extracts of nine under-investigated south African Eugenia and Syzygium (Myrtaceae) species and their selectivity indices. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2547-z"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1313372","article-title":"Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action","volume":"9","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13634","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilm: A complex developmental organism","volume":"104","author":"Moormeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01341-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01341-14","article-title":"Temporal and Stochastic Control of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Development","volume":"5","author":"Moormeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2663-2676.2005","article-title":"Differential gene expression profiling of Staphylococcus aureus cultivated under biofilm and planktonic conditions","volume":"71","author":"Resch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1647","article-title":"Piper betle leaf extract inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilms and prevents bacterial adhesion on beef during storage","volume":"21","author":"Wiriyaprom","year":"2025","journal-title":"ES Food Agrofor."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.848-862","article-title":"Inhibitory and anti-adherent effects of Piper betle L. leaf extract against Acanthamoeba triangularis in co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A sustainable one-health approach","volume":"17","author":"Kwankaew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4038\/cjs.v47i2.7511","article-title":"The effect of Piper betle against Candida albicans adherence to denture acrylic surfaces","volume":"47","author":"Bandaranayake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceylon J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17323","article-title":"Betelvine (Piper betle L.): A comprehensive insight into its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological, biomedical and therapeutic attributes","volume":"26","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"987","article-title":"Antiproliferative activity of aqueous extract of Piper betle L. and Psidium guajava L. on KB and HeLa cell lines","volume":"4","author":"Fathilah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v18i6.17","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer effects of Piper betle L (Piperaceae) leaf extract on MCF-7 cells, and preparation of transdermal patches of the extract","volume":"18","author":"Boontha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1999.tb01998.x","article-title":"Effects of areca nut, inflorescence Piper betle extracts and arecoline on cytotoxicity, total and unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured gingival keratinocytes","volume":"28","author":"Jeng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4103\/RPS.RPS_206_23","article-title":"In vitro biological activities of a combination of Ha-Rak remedy, Piper betle, and Garcinia mangostana for the treatment of atopic dermatitis","volume":"20","author":"Saesiw","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/543\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T05:20:58Z","timestamp":1770873658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16040543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16040543","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]}}}