{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T06:06:41Z","timestamp":1771394801133,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Open project of State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding","award":["2025SKLANF-CAU5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SKLANF-CAU5"]}]},{"name":"the Open project of State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding","award":["2025SKLAB6-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SKLAB6-05"]}]},{"name":"the Personnel Introduction Project of Xichang University","award":["No Grant Number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No Grant Number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea in infants and young animals, causing significant global morbidity and mortality. For decades, research was hindered by challenges in establishing reverse genetics systems due to the virus\u2019s complex segmented genome and poor cell culture adaptation. The first helper virus-dependent system (2006) was limited by low efficiency. A 2017 breakthrough established the first fully plasmid-based system, which eliminated helper viruses and revolutionized the field. Subsequent optimizations, such as codon modification and CRISPR\/Cas9 integration, have significantly enhanced efficiency, enabling viable systems for diverse human and animal strains. This narrative review summarizes the evolution and technological milestones of rotavirus reverse genetics. We discuss critical applications in analyzing viral gene function, developing novel vaccines, screening antiviral drugs, and investigating cross-species transmission. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future prospects of this transformative technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T14:09:54Z","timestamp":1771250994000},"page":"608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research Progress and Applications of the Rotavirus Reverse Genetics System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7223-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease Detection and Prevention in Panxi District, College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.06.016","article-title":"Rotaviruses","volume":"190","author":"Desselberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90313-0","article-title":"Three-dimensional structure of rotavirus","volume":"199","author":"Prasad","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1086\/653556","article-title":"VP6: A candidate rotavirus vaccine","volume":"202","author":"Ward","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001782","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001782","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Sedoreoviridae 2022","volume":"103","author":"Matthijnssens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, H., Friendship, R., and Poljak, Z. (2023). Classification of group A rotavirus VP7 and VP4 genotypes using random forest. Front. Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1029185"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70253-5","article-title":"The WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. 2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlasova, A.N., Amimo, J.O., and Saif, L.J. (2017). Porcine rotaviruses: Epidemiology, immune responses and control strategies. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9030048"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Luo, Y., Lin, C., Tan, M., Wan, P., Xie, B., Xiong, L., and Ji, H. (2024). Epidemiological monitoring and genetic variation analysis of pathogens associated with porcine viral diarrhea in southern China from 2021 to 2023. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1303915"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, R., Chang, X., Zhou, J., Zhu, X., Yang, S., Li, K., Gu, L., Zhang, X., and Li, B. (2023). Molecular epidemiological investigation of group A porcine rotavirus in East China. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1138419"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Li, Z., Fu, Y., Wang, S.Q., Kang, M., and Meng, R. (2025). Diagnosis of bovine rotavirus: An overview of currently available methods. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1550601"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.H., Miguel, M., Naing, Y.P., Cho, Y.I., and Lee, S.S. (2024). Maternal transmission of rotavirus to calves and comparison of colostrum and fecal microbiota in holstein and hanwoo cattle. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11120606"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.10.001","article-title":"Detection of avian rotaviruses of groups A, D, F and G in diseased chickens and turkeys from Europe and Bangladesh","volume":"156","author":"Otto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, M.S., Dias, J.B.L., Petrucci, M.P., Travassos, C., Mendes, G.S., and Santos, N. (2023). Molecular characterization of avian rotaviruses F and G detected in Brazilian poultry flocks. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051089"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"47","article-title":"Reversed genetics: A new approach to the elucidation of structure--function relationship","volume":"66","author":"Weissmann","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ciba Found. Symp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23779-5","article-title":"A versatile reverse genetics platform for SARS-CoV-2 and other positive-strand RNA viruses","volume":"12","author":"Amarilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0196422","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01964-22","article-title":"Reverse genetic assessment of the roles played by the spike protein and ORF3 in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenicity","volume":"97","author":"Rogger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.100133697","article-title":"A DNA transfection system for generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids","volume":"97","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2021808","article-title":"Generation and characterization of genetically and antigenically diverse infectious clones of dengue virus serotypes 1-4","volume":"11","author":"Tamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6450","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.11.6450-6465.2003","article-title":"Development and application of a reverse genetics system for Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"77","author":"Yun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.11.037","article-title":"An improved reverse genetics system for mammalian orthoreoviruses","volume":"398","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawagishi, T., Kanai, Y., Tani, H., Shimojima, M., Saijo, M., Matsuura, Y., and Kobayashi, T. (2016). Reverse genetics for fusogenic bat-borne orthoreovirus associated with acute respiratory tract infections in humans: Role of outer capsid protein \u03c3C in viral replication and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005455"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.004","article-title":"Establishment of an entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics system for Bluetongue virus","volume":"486","author":"Pretorius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.055905-0","article-title":"Recovery of African horse sickness virus from synthetic RNA","volume":"94","author":"Kaname","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000192","article-title":"Development of a reverse genetics system for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and evaluation of novel strains containing duplicative gene rearrangements","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4646","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509385103","article-title":"Reverse genetics system for introduction of site-specific mutations into the double-stranded RNA genome of infectious rotavirus","volume":"103","author":"Komoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6711","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00547-10","article-title":"Rearranged genomic RNA segments offer a new approach to the reverse genetics of rotaviruses","volume":"84","author":"Troupin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18652","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011948107","article-title":"Dual selection mechanisms drive efficient single-gene reverse genetics for rotavirus","volume":"107","author":"Trask","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05142-7","article-title":"Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development","volume":"166","author":"Uprety","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618424114","article-title":"Entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics system for rotaviruses","volume":"114","author":"Kanai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01921-08","article-title":"The p14 FAST protein of reptilian reovirus increases vesicular stomatitis virus neuropathogenesis","volume":"83","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8090","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8090-8100.2005","article-title":"Extensive syncytium formation mediated by the reovirus FAST proteins triggers apoptosis-induced membrane instability","volume":"79","author":"Salsman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.7.2525","article-title":"Modification of the 5\u2019-terminus of mRNA by soluble guanylyl and methyl transferases from vaccinia virus","volume":"72","author":"Ensinger","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00695-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00695-17","article-title":"Reverse genetics system demonstrates that rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP6 is not essential for viral replication in cell culture","volume":"91","author":"Komoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00588-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00588-18","article-title":"Generation of recombinant rotaviruses expressing fluorescent proteins by using an optimized reverse genetics system","volume":"92","author":"Komoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-2-333","article-title":"Two non-structural rotavirus proteins, NSP2 and NSP5, form viroplasm-like structures in vivo","volume":"80","author":"Fabbretti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01315159","article-title":"Isolation of human rotavirus in cell cultures: Brief report","volume":"69","author":"Sato","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02207-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02207-18","article-title":"Generation of infectious recombinant human rotaviruses from just 11 cloned cDNAs encoding the rotavirus genome","volume":"93","author":"Komoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00963-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00963-19","article-title":"Reverse genetics system for a human group A rotavirus","volume":"94","author":"Kawagishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01294-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01294-20","article-title":"An optimized reverse genetics system suitable for efficient recovery of simian, human, and murine-like rotaviruses","volume":"94","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9928","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.9928-9933.1999","article-title":"The V protein of simian virus 5 inhibits interferon signalling by targeting STAT1 for proteasome-mediated degradation","volume":"73","author":"Didcock","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11723","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01145-06","article-title":"The NPro product of bovine viral diarrhea virus inhibits DNA binding by interferon regulatory factor 3 and targets it for proteasomal degradation","volume":"80","author":"Hilton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02416-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02416-16","article-title":"African swine fever virus NP868R capping enzyme promotes reovirus rescue during reverse genetics by promoting reovirus protein expression, virion assembly, and RNA incorporation into infectious virions","volume":"91","author":"Eaton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0099624","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00996-24","article-title":"Rapid production of recombinant rotaviruses by overexpression of NSP2 and NSP5 genes with modified nucleotide sequences","volume":"98","author":"Kanai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01007-7","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 screens identify key host factors that enhance rotavirus reverse genetics efficacy and vaccine production","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2024.09.010","article-title":"Efficient and robust reverse genetics system for bovine rotavirus generation and its application for antiviral screening","volume":"39","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"002064","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002064","article-title":"An improved reverse genetics system for rotavirus vaccine strain LLR using five plasmid vectors","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snyder, A.J., Agbemabiese, C.A., and Patton, J.T. (2024). Production of OSU G5P[7] porcine rotavirus expressing a fluorescent reporter via reverse genetics. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.26.577454"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001760","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001760","article-title":"Establishment of a reverse genetics system for avian rotavirus A strain PO-13","volume":"103","author":"Kanda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70065","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70065","article-title":"Establishment of a reverse genetics system for rotavirus vaccine strain LLR and developing vaccine candidates carrying VP7 gene cloned from human strains circulating in China","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9072","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00923-14","article-title":"Predicted structure and domain organization of rotavirus capping enzyme and innate immune antagonist VP3","volume":"88","author":"Ogden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306917110","article-title":"Homologous 2\u2019,5\u2019-phosphodiesterases from disparate RNA viruses antagonize antiviral innate immunity","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01952-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01952-19","article-title":"Reverse genetics reveals a role of rotavirus VP3 phosphodiesterase activity in inhibiting RNase L signaling and contributing to intestinal viral replication in vivo","volume":"94","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39494","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39494","article-title":"Rotavirus VP3 targets MAVS for degradation to inhibit type III interferon expression in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0225523","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02255-23","article-title":"Rotavirus capping enzyme VP3 inhibits interferon expression by inducing MAVS degradation during viral replication","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63393-3","article-title":"Prefoldin complex promotes interferon-stimulated gene expression and is inhibited by rotavirus VP3","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, E.K., Feng, N.G., Zeng, Q.R., Sanchez-Tacuba, L., Kawagishi, T., Branham, G., Hou, G.P., Wang, Z.M., Greenberg, H.B., and Ding, S.Y. (2024). Rhesus rotavirus NSP1 mediates extra-intestinal infection and is a contributing factor for biliary obstruction. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012609"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00972-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00972-20","article-title":"A genetically engineered rotavirus NSP2 phosphorylation mutant impaired in viroplasm formation and replication shows an early interaction between vNSP2 and cellular lipid droplets","volume":"94","author":"Criglar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01110-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01110-19","article-title":"Recombinant rotaviruses rescued by reverse genetics reveal the role of NSP5 hyperphosphorylation in the assembly of viral factories","volume":"94","author":"Papa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186122","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01861-22","article-title":"N-Glycosylation of rotavirus NSP4 protein affects viral replication and pathogenesis","volume":"97","author":"Nurdin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01374-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01374-20","article-title":"Reverse genetics approach for developing rotavirus vaccine candidates carrying VP4 and VP7 genes cloned from clinical isolates of human rotavirus","volume":"95","author":"Kanai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00897-25","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00897-25","article-title":"A rotavirus VP4 or VP7 monoreassortant panel identifies genotypes that are less susceptible to neutralization by systemic antibodies induced by vaccination or natural infection","volume":"16","author":"Kotaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0076224","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00762-24","article-title":"Generation of single-round infectious rotavirus with a mutation in the intermediate capsid protein VP6","volume":"98","author":"Kotaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip, A.A., and Patton, J.T. (2021). Rotavirus as an expression platform of domains of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.18.431835"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0048822","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00488-22","article-title":"Using species a rotavirus reverse genetics to engineer chimeric viruses expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike epitopes","volume":"96","author":"Diebold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2214421120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2214421120","article-title":"Mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibodies to norovirus induced in infant mice orally inoculated with recombinant rotaviruses","volume":"120","author":"Kawagishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0049223","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00492-23","article-title":"Genetic engineering strategy for generating a stable dsRNA virus vector using a virus-like codon-modified transgene","volume":"97","author":"Kanai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, J., Radcliffe, S., Pirrone, A., Lu, M., Li, Y., Cassaday, J., Newhard, W., Heidecker, G.J., Rose, W.A., and He, X. (2023). A novel rotavirus reverse genetics platform supports flexible insertion of exogenous genes and enables rapid development of a high-throughput neutralization assay. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.15.528690"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Sanchez-Tacuba, L., Hou, G., Kawagishi, T., Feng, N., Greenberg, H.B., and Ding, S. (2022). A recombinant murine-like rotavirus with Nano-Luciferase expression reveals tissue tropism, replication dynamics, and virus transmission. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.911024"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/608\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T05:11:35Z","timestamp":1771391495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16040608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16040608","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]}}}