{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:40:46Z","timestamp":1785771646498,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31802079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31802079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Modern Poultry Industry Technology System of Fujian Province","award":["KLY24403XA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLY24403XA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1600500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1600500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agricultural Guiding (Key) Project of Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["2023N0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023N0008"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Projects Funded by Chinese Central and Local Governments","award":["2022L3085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022L3085"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","award":["KFB23099A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFB23099A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide challenge on growth performance and immune function in yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 140 yellow-feathered broilers (1-day-old) were randomly assigned to two treatments (control group and LPS group) with seven replicates of 10 chicks each. Broilers in the LPS group were injected intraperitoneally with LPS (1 mg\/kg body weight) on days 21, 23, 25, and 27, while broilers in the control group were injected intraperitoneally at an equivalent volume of sterile saline on the corresponding days. After 24 h of each injection, one chicken from each replicate was randomly selected for slaughter and sampling. The results indicate that the first LPS challenge significantly elevated jejunal mucosal IL-6 levels compared with the control group (p &lt; 0.05). After the second injection, average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), and body weight gain (BWG) of broilers were decreased in the LPS group compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, IL-1\u03b2 levels were increased in the liver and jejunal mucosa of broilers in the LPS group (p &lt; 0.05). After the third injection, the ADFI, ADG, BWG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were reduced in the LPS group compared to the control group. LPS also caused a decrease in the broiler thymus index and bursa index. In addition, the levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and IFN-\u03b3 in the jejunal mucosa of broilers in the LPS group were higher than those in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The levels of IL-1\u03b2 and IFN-\u03b3 in the liver of the LPS group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The mRNA expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IFN-\u03b3 in the jejunum and liver of the LPS group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in both the liver and jejunal mucosa of broilers in the LPS group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Following the fourth LPS injection, the ADFI, ADG, BWG, and spleen index of LPS group decreased significantly compared to the control group. Concurrently, a significant increase in the content of IFN-\u03b3 in the liver was observed. In conclusion, three times of LPS stimulation can cause significant immune damage and induce an immune stress model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T14:09:54Z","timestamp":1771250994000},"page":"628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Lipopolysaccharide Challenge on Growth Performance and Immune Function of Yellow-Feathered Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3835-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaixing","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixuan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changkang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01095-4","article-title":"Effects and Interactions of Dietary Lysine and Apparent Nitrogen Corrected Metabolizable Energy on Yellow-Feathered Broiler Breeder Hens","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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