{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:13:04Z","timestamp":1772014384031,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CMU Presidential Scholarship, Chiang Mai University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tiger (Panthera tigris) is an apex predator and plays a fundamental role in sustaining biodiversity through its native range in Asia. By controlling populations of large herbivores and mesopredators, tigers help maintain the structural integrity of habitats, thereby supporting a diverse array of flora and fauna. Despite its ecological importance, the tiger is one of the most threatened large carnivores globally. It is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, although threat categories vary among subspecies, and it is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which covers all tiger subspecies. Over the past two decades, global tiger populations have declined by more than 90%. Consequently, they have become the focus of conservation efforts, including captive breeding and reintroduction initiatives. However, the reintroduction of captive-bred tigers into natural habitats presents significant scientific and logistical challenges. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the complexities of using captive tigers for reintroduction programs, with particular attention to welfare and behavioral competence of captive individuals, and genetic diversity and health of founder populations. It further addresses critical considerations for habitat suitability and managing potential human-tiger conflict and evaluates the overall effectiveness and feasibility of tiger reintroduction as a conservation strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:15:35Z","timestamp":1771334135000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reintroduction of Captive Tigers: Challenges &amp; Concerns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1386-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panasaya","family":"Nipithakul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Promporn","family":"Piboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3898-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7617-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Korakot","family":"Nganvongpanit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-4819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pakkanut","family":"Bansiddhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704949114","article-title":"Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines","volume":"114","author":"Ceballos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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