{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T19:47:24Z","timestamp":1785268044347,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assessed the impact of the dietary inclusion of Prosopis laevigata pods (PLPs) on growth performance, carcass traits, and the metabolomic profiles of liver and meat in finishing lambs. A total of 28 crossbred lambs (38 \u00b1 5 kg body weight) were allocated to one of two treatments: a control diet (0 g PLP\/kg dry matter, n = 14; CONT) and a diet supplemented with 300 g PLP\/kg dry matter (DM) (n = 14; PS). Growth performance was monitored over 25 days. Animals were assigned to a randomized design, and data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure. Compared with the control diet, PLP inclusion (300 g\/kg DM) reduced total body weight gain (p = 0.04) and worsened feed conversion efficiency. Lambs on the control diet also displayed a significantly greater (p = 0.02) rump perimeter. In contrast, lambs fed the 300 g PLP\/kg DM diet showed a marked increase (p &lt; 0.05) in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle area. Principal component analysis revealed a distinct separation between treatment groups based on the identified metabolites. Liver metabolomic data accounted for 30.6% of the total variability, while meat samples accounted for 45.7%. A total of 21 and 23 metabolites exhibited positive correlations in liver and meat, respectively. Notably, PLP supplementation influenced several metabolic pathways (p &lt; 0.05), including the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid biosynthesis, and sulfur metabolism in both liver and meat. Additionally, phenylalanine metabolism was specifically affected (p &lt; 0.05) in the liver, while steroid biosynthesis was altered (p &lt; 0.05) in meat. Overall, the inclusion of PLPs in the diet of finishing lambs resulted in notable changes to the liver and meat metabolomes, particularly in pathways associated with fatty acid biosynthesis. Although PLP supplementation reduced overall growth performance, it did not negatively impact carcass quality traits; hence, we recommend the inclusion of 300 g PLP\/kg DM in finishing lamb diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:50:03Z","timestamp":1771577403000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Inclusion of Prosopis laevigata Pods in Finishing Lamb Diets Affects Performance and Induces Non-Target Metabolomic Modifications in the Liver and Meat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6146-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor Aar\u00f3n","family":"Lee-Rangel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Veterinaria, Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78321, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio Alberto","family":"Navidad Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Veterinaria, Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78321, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2263-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogelio","family":"Flores-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n para la Innovaci\u00f3n y Aplicaci\u00f3n de la Ciencia y la Tecnolog\u00eda\u2014CIACYT, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, Sierra Leona 550, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78120,  Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anayeli","family":"Vazquez-Valladolid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Veterinaria, Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78321, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9775-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Ilizarriturri-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n para la Innovaci\u00f3n y Aplicaci\u00f3n de la Ciencia y la Tecnolog\u00eda\u2014CIACYT, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, Sierra Leona 550, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78120,  Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9539-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oziel","family":"Monta\u00f1ez-Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n Animal (GINA), Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzm\u00e1n 49000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4412-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso Juventino","family":"Chay-Canul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez Aut\u00f3noma de Tabasco, Carr. Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, Villahermosa 86280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4937-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Karen","family":"Frutis-Moto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Veterinaria, Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78321, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100293","article-title":"Review: Managing sheep and goats for sustainable high yield production","volume":"15","author":"Abecia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ferguson, D.M., Lee, C., and Fisher, A. (2017). Overview of sheep production systems. Advances in Sheep Welfare, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles-Jimenez, L.E., Estrada, P.A.F., Avalos, J.O., Perez-Grovas, R., Chavez-Rivera, O., Vargas-Bello-P\u00e9rez, E., and Gonzalez-Ronquillo, M. (2022). Retrospective Study of Production and Commercialization of Sheep Wool from Mexico. Sheep Farming: Herds Husbandry, Management System, Reproduction and Improvement of Animal Health, Intech Open.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.101970"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"A brief update on sheep production in Mexico: Challenges and prospects","volume":"26","author":"Ghavipanje","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2016.1200979","article-title":"The effect of two housing systems on productive performance of hair-type crossbreed lambs in sub-humid tropics of Mexico","volume":"45","author":"Wurzinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2023.107032","article-title":"Growth performance and ruminal fermentation of lambs supplemented with calcium propionate: A meta-analysis","volume":"226","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1zquez-Cruz, L.A., Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, P.A., Mendoza-Mart\u00ednez, G.D., Espinosa-Ayala, E., Lee-Rangel, H.A., V\u00e1zquez-Silva, G., Razo-Ort\u00edz, P.B., D\u00edaz-Galv\u00e1n, C., Orzuna-Orzuna, J.F., and de la Torre-Hern\u00e1ndez, M.E. (2024). Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Meat Quality of Finishing Lambs Supplemented with Calcium Propionate or Sodium Propionate. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11120604"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Evan, T., Cabezas, A., de La Fuente V\u00e1zquez, J., and Carro, M.D. (2020). Feeding agro-industrial by-products to light lambs: Influence on meat characteristics, lipid oxidation, and fatty acid profile. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091572"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s295","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118002252","article-title":"Review: Alternative and novel feeds for ruminants: Nutritive value, product quality and environmental aspects","volume":"12","author":"Rinne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boudalia, S., Smeti, S., Dawit, M., Senbeta, E.K., Gueroui, Y., Dotas, V., Bousbia, A., and Symeon, G.K. (2024). Alternative approaches to feeding small ruminants and their potential benefits. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060904"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v46i4.3","article-title":"Effects of Prosopis laevigata pods on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in finishing lambs","volume":"46","year":"2016","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.2111\/05-119.1","article-title":"Short-term Mesquite pod consumption by goats does not induce toxicity","volume":"61","author":"Cook","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e303","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12606","article-title":"Effects of increasing amount of dietary Prosopis laevigata pods on performance, meat quality and fatty acid profile in growing lambs","volume":"101","author":"Negrete","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berri, C., Picard, B., Lebret, B., Andueza, D., Lefevre, F., Le Bihan-Duval, E., Beauclercq, S., Chartrin, P., Vautier, A., and Legrand, I. (2019). Predicting the Quality of Meat: Myth or Reality?. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8100436"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.4807","article-title":"The potentiality of NMR-based metabolomics in food science and food authentication assessment","volume":"57","author":"Consonni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Segura, L.F., Ramirez, R.F., Relling, A.E., Roque-Jimenez, J.A., Zhang, N., Vargas-Bello-Perez, E., and Lee-Rangel, H.A. (2023). Effects of maternal calcium propionate supplementation on offspring productivity and meat metabolomic profile in sheep. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294627"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(1998). Trato Humanitario en la Movilizaci\u00f3n de Animales (Standard No. NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-051-ZOO-1995)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2015). M\u00e9todos para dar Muerte a los Animales Dom\u00e9sticos y Silvestres (Standard No. NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-033-SAG\/ZOO-2014)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2001). Especificaciones T\u00e9cnicas para la Producci\u00f3n, Cuidado y Uso de los Animales de Laboratorio (Standard No. NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-062-ZOO-1999)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"National Research Council (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"AOAC (2012). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. [19th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","article-title":"Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Robertson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740580306","article-title":"Determination of extractable and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein concentrate meals and cereal grains","volume":"58","author":"Terrill","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(1994). Especificaciones Zoosanitarias para la Construcci\u00f3n y el Equipamiento de Establecimientos Dedicados al Sacrificio de Animales y a la Industrializaci\u00f3n de Productos C\u00e1rnicos (Standard No. NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-008-ZOO-1994)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(1994). Proceso Sanitario de la Carne (Standard No. NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-009-ZOO-1994)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(87)90060-1","article-title":"Standars methods and procedures for goats carcass evaluation, joiting and tissue separation","volume":"17","author":"Kirton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"SAS (SAS\/STAT Software, 2002). SAS\/STAT Software, Version 9.00."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12436","article-title":"Energy utilization, nitrogen balance and microbial protein supply in cattle fed Pennisetum purpureum and condensed tannins","volume":"101","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(95)00833-0","article-title":"Goats fed tannin containing leaves do not exhibit toxic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Silanikove","year":"1996","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2005.01.016","article-title":"Evaluation of Meskit (Prosopis juliflora) pods as a feed for goats","volume":"121","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2004022-73","article-title":"Review. Tannins and ruminant nutrition","volume":"2","author":"Frutos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.01.008","article-title":"Impact of Chlorella vulgaris as feed ingredient and carbohydrases on the health status and hepatic lipid metabolism of finishing pigs","volume":"144","author":"Coelho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mesquite extract as phytogenic additive to improve the nutrition of sheep","volume":"9","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"155","article-title":"Meat Quality of Dairy Steers Fed Mesquite Pod Meal in Semi-Arid","volume":"9","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2004.719","article-title":"Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) pods as a feed resource for livestock\u2014A review","volume":"17","author":"Sawal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law, S.H., Chan, M.L., Marathe, G.K., Parveen, F., Chen, C.H., and Ke, L.Y. (2019). An updated review of lysophos-phatidylcholine metabolism in human diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051149"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"888","article-title":"Micromolar changes in lysophosphatidylcholine concentration cause minor effects on mitochondrial permeability but major alterations in function","volume":"1841","author":"Hollie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00438A","article-title":"Sulforaphane protected the injury of human vascular endothelial cell induced by LPC through up-regulating endogenous antioxidants and phase II enzymes","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Wang, H., Lu, Z., Nian, F., Zheng, C., Li, F., and Tang, D. (2023). Improving Shelf Life and Content of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Meat of Lambs Fed a Diet Supplemented with Grape Dregs. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12234204"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04770","article-title":"Effects of Condensed and Hydrolyzable Tannins on Rumen Metabolism with Emphasis on the Biohydrogenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids","volume":"66","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.2.411","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator\u2014activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha activation lowers muscle lipids and improves insulin sensitivity in high fat\u2014fed rats: Comparison with PPAR-gamma activation","volume":"50","author":"Ye","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/666\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:05:48Z","timestamp":1772013948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16040666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16040666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]}}}