{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:07:41Z","timestamp":1792393661559,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007414","name":"Qassim University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QU-APC-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-APC-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dromedary camels possess unique anatomical, physiological, and metabolic adaptations that enable survival in arid environments; however, these same adaptations make them highly sensitive to nutritional imbalance under modern feeding conditions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on nutritional pathologies and metabolic disorders in camels, emphasizing the links between diet composition, foregut fermentation, mineral status, and systemic health. Imbalances in energy and carbohydrates predispose camels to subacute and acute acidosis, negative energy balance, and ketosis-like syndromes, particularly when rapidly fermentable feeds are introduced without adequate fiber or water. Protein and nitrogen disorders, including ammonia toxicity and impaired urea recycling, arise from mismatches between degradable protein, fermentable energy, hydration, and mineral availability. Widespread deficiencies of phosphorus, copper, cobalt, zinc, selenium, and vitamins A and E remain major constraints, leading to pica, poor microbial fermentation, oxidative stress, immunosuppression, reproductive failure, and skeletal disorders. Nutritional disturbances frequently extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract, forming a gut\u2013liver\u2013kidney metabolic axis characterized by hepatic dysfunction, renal compromise, and systemic oxidative stress. The review also addresses gastrointestinal impaction, foreign-body ingestion, toxic plant consumption, and feeding on human food waste as emerging nutritional challenges, particularly in peri-urban systems. Advances in diagnostic ultrasonography, feed evaluation techniques, probiotics, mineral\u2013vitamin supplementation, and omics-based approaches are discussed as tools for improving early diagnosis and precision nutrition. Despite growing research interest, the lack of camel-specific feeding standards and reliance on cattle-based recommendations remain critical gaps. This review highlights the need for species-specific nutrient requirement models, sustainable rangeland management, and integrative research to support the health, resilience, and productivity of camels under changing environmental and production systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:39:10Z","timestamp":1771846750000},"page":"689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nutritional Disorders and Metabolic Adaptations in Dromedary Camels: Insights into Foregut Fermentation and Mineral Balance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Mahboob Ali","family":"Hamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Tharwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek A.","family":"Ebeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Poultry Production, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad A.","family":"Alshanbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-521X(01)00036-1","article-title":"Availability and use of feed resources in crop\u2013animal systems in Asia","volume":"71","author":"Devendra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jasra, A.W., and Mirza, M.A. (2004). Camel Production Systems in Asia, ICAR."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"FAO (2025, December 03). Faostat Database. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler, M.E. (2010). Digestive System, Blackwell Publishing. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118785706.ch13"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Dorman, A.E. (1986). Aspects of the Husbandry and Management of the Genus Camelus, Bailli\u00e8re-Tindall."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2016.00049.7","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and postmortem findings in camels (Camelus dromedarius) with abdominal disorders","volume":"23","author":"Tharwat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"624","article-title":"Diseases and disorders of trace elements deficiency in farm animals: An illustrated review","volume":"14","author":"Tharwat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tharwat, M., Al-Sobayil, F., Ali, A., and Buczinski, S. (2012). Echocardiography of the normal camel (Camelus dromedaries) heart: Technique and cardiac dimensions. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-130"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"249","article-title":"Elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in the last trimester of pregnancy of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"9","author":"Omidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1036-3","article-title":"Review of present knowledge on machine milking and intensive milk production in dromedary camels and future challenges","volume":"48","author":"Nagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Growth potential of Camelus dromedarius calves reared under intensive and extensive feeding management systems","volume":"52","author":"Faraz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelrahman, M.M., Alhidary, I.A., Matar, A.M., Alobre, M.M., Alharthi, A.S., Faye, B., and Aljumaah, R.S. (2022). Effect of total mixed ratio (TMR) supplementation on milk nutritive value and mineral status of female camels and their calves (Camelus dromedarius) raised under semi intensive system during winter. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12111855"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04199-1","article-title":"Grazing camels under semi-extensive production system: Selectivity, feed intake capacity, digestion and energy expenditure","volume":"20","author":"Askar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.20955","article-title":"Livestock feed resources in the west African Sahel","volume":"114","author":"Amole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0621","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies swallowing syndrome in camels (Camelus dromedarius) with special reference to the role of mineral deficiency","volume":"82","author":"Sadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Tomlinson, D.J., Socha, M.T., and DeFrain, J.M. (2008). Role of trace minerals in the immune system. Proceedings of Penn State Dairy Cattle Nutrition Workshop, Grantville, PA, USA, CABI Publishing."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suttle, N.F. (2010). Mineral Nutrition of Livestock, CABI. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845934729.0000"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(81)82696-3","article-title":"Mineral and vitamin nutrition of dairy cattle","volume":"64","author":"Miller","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.110983","article-title":"Rapid detection and spectroscopic feature analysis of mineral content in camel milk using fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy and traditional machine learning algorithms","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Council, N.R. (2005). Mineral Tolerance of Animals: Second Revised Edition, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"263","article-title":"Effect of feeding treatments on productive and reproductive performance of she-camels","volume":"5","author":"Mostafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Res. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2025.107854","article-title":"Breeding soundness evaluation, a tool for improving the sustainability of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) breeding systems in arid and semi-arid lands","volume":"277","author":"Monaco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"12","article-title":"Unique characteristics of camel body systems: Adaptation to harsh conditions, productive and reproductive performances: A review","volume":"59","author":"Mohammed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"129","article-title":"Camels\u2019reproductive and physiological performance traits as affected by environmental conditions","volume":"10","author":"Marai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosystems"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106595","article-title":"Zinc supplementation within the reference ranges for zinc status in cattle improves sperm quality without modifying in vitro fertilization performance","volume":"221","author":"Galarza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1259-140","article-title":"The physiology of the camel","volume":"201","year":"1959","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1957.188.3.477","article-title":"Urea excretion in the camel","volume":"188","author":"Houpt","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Content"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05410.x","article-title":"Relationship between markers of blood oxidant status and physiological variables in healthy and heaves-affected horses after exercise","volume":"34","author":"Kirschvink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"195","article-title":"Effect of feeding different levels of dietary energy on nutrient utilization, draught performance and physiological reactions of camels","volume":"15","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Saun, R.J. (2022). Feeding and nutrition. Med. Surg. Camelids, 55\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119583295.ch3"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3","article-title":"Feeding behaviour of camel: Review","volume":"38","author":"Iqbal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pak. J. Agri. Sei."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faye, B., Konuspayeva, G., and Magnan, C. (2023). Technical Management of a Camel Farm with a Focus on Dairy: Breeding and Young Animal Rearing, Milking, and Feeding, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-2237-5_5"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Jassim, R. (2024). Good Feeding: Nutrition and Feeding of the Arabian Camel (Camelus dromedarius), Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48600-5_4"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhtib, A., Samool, A., Muna, M., Tamiru, M., Naeem, M., Onuoha, C.C., Wamatu, J., and Burton, E. (2024). Assessing limitations in published camel feeding studies: Implications for smart feeding practices in meat and milk production. Front. Anim. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2024.1416585"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tharwat, M., Elmoghazy, H.M.M., and Abdallah, A. (2025). Exploring the gut\u2013kidney axis: Possible connection between gastrointestinal and renal disorders in dromedary camels. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1689681"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Nigam, J.M. (1992). Surgical Disorders of the Male Urogenital System in the Dromedary Camel, R&W Publications."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"As\u00edn, J., Ram\u00edrez, G.A., Navarro, M.A., Nyaoke, A.C., Henderson, E.E., Mendon\u00e7a, F.S., Mol\u00edn, J., and Uzal, F.A. (2021). Nutritional Wasting Disorders in Sheep. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020501"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000141291","article-title":"On the stomach of the camel with special reference to the mucous membrane","volume":"31","author":"Hansen","year":"1957","journal-title":"Acta Anat."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Smuts, M.M.S., and Bezuidenhout, A.J. (1987). The Viscera, Clarendon Press."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4687(200008)245:2<161::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Anatomical subdivisions of the stomach of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)","volume":"245","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"494","article-title":"On the morphology of the stomachs of the camelidae and the tragulidae; and on the bearing on systematic position","volume":"16","author":"Boas","year":"1890","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)52827-4","article-title":"The stomach of the camel","volume":"106","author":"Hegazi","year":"1950","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esaa016","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of dromedary camel-types","volume":"111","author":"AlAskar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"22","article-title":"The enigma of camel-types: Localities, utilities, names, and breed statuses","volume":"14","author":"Alaskar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Camelid Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"604","article-title":"Stomach of the camel compared to the ox","volume":"39","author":"Purohit","year":"1962","journal-title":"Indian Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2021.1990939","article-title":"Comparative digestibility and rumen fermentation of camels and sheep fed different forage sources","volume":"34","author":"Khattab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.46265\/genresj.2020.1.4-16","article-title":"Global status of genetic resources for food and agriculture: Challenges and research needs: Global status of genetic resources for food and agriculture","volume":"1","author":"Pilling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet. Resour."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"616","article-title":"Livestock feed resources assessment, constraints and improvement strategies in ethiopia","volume":"21","author":"Birhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Middle-East J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.ijvs\/2021.090","article-title":"Effect of long road transport journey on serum biomarkers of bone formation and resorption in athletic horses","volume":"11","author":"Tharwat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"479","article-title":"The effects of acute blood loss on inflammatory and bone biomarkers, acid-base balance, blood gases and hemato-biochemical profiles in sedated donkeys (Equus asinus)","volume":"11","author":"Tharwat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"241","article-title":"Investigation of rumen fermentation parameters and some blood metabolites of dromedary camels fed with C3 and C4 forages","volume":"10","author":"Dadvar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Ibrahim, H. (2017). Performance of One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Fed Varying Levels of Dried Gawo Leaves (Faidherbia albida) in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ahmadu Bello University]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2020.1788035","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the abdomen in healthy and diseased camels (Camelus dromedaries)\u2014A review","volume":"48","author":"Tharwat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7814927","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7814927","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the kidneys in healthy and diseased camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"2020","author":"Tharwat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorndyke, M.P., Guimaraes, O., Kistner, M.J., Wagner, J.J., and Engle, T.E. (2021). Influence of molybdenum in drinking water or feed on copper metabolism in cattle\u2014A review. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072083"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fundamentals of diagnostic ultrasound in dromedary camel medicine","volume":"13","author":"Tharwat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of feed and water deprivation on nutrients digestibility, behavioral and metabolic patterns of one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"51","author":"Mosaad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Assiut Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1363","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1363","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic importance of oxidative stress biomarkers and acute phase proteins in Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in camels","volume":"3","author":"Buczinski","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2021.00046.1","article-title":"Biomarkers of stress in healthy and diseased dromedary camels: A mini review","volume":"28","author":"Tharwat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"484","article-title":"Clinicobiochemical investigation of paratuberculosis of dromedary camels in saudi arabia: Cytokines, acute phase proteins and oxidative stress biomarkers","volume":"34","author":"Fouda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandeel, M., Al-Taher, A., Venugopala, K.N., Marzok, M., Morsy, M., and Nagaraja, S. (2022). Camel proteins and enzymes: A growing resource for functional evolution and environmental adaptation. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.911511"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041208","article-title":"Urinary excretion of purine derivatives as an index of microbial protein synthesis in the camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"92","author":"Guerouali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000123","article-title":"Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected Dromedary Camels: Lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, acute phase proteins and proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"143","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-010-1121-3","article-title":"Serum lipoproteins, antioxidants and urine biochemical constituents in camel cystitis","volume":"21","author":"Ellah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.5.715S","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation: Its mechanism, measurement, and significance","volume":"57","author":"Halliwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2018.1501283","article-title":"Hematobiochemical profiles, mineral concentrations and oxidative stress indicators in beef cattle with pica","volume":"18","author":"Onmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"651","article-title":"Pica as a predisposing factor for traumatic reticuloperitonitis in dairy cattle: Serum mineral concentrations and hematological findings","volume":"7","author":"Ocal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljumaah, R.S., Ayadi, M., Matar, A.M., Salama, A.A.K., Caja, G., Alshaikh, M.A., and Abdelrahman, M.M. (2025). Effect of high dietary salt intake on macro-mineral status of lactating camels raised under arid conditions. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12111026"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110870","article-title":"Camel milk: A review of its nutritional value, heat stability, and potential food products","volume":"153","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padalino, B., and Faye, B. (2024). Dromedary Camel Behavior and Welfare: Camel Friendly Management Practices, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48600-5"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5252\/az2014n2a01","article-title":"The camel today: Assets and potentials","volume":"49","author":"Faye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anthropozoologica"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4678","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-03059-5","article-title":"Selenium deficiency induces apoptosis, mitochondrial dynamic imbalance, and inflammatory responses in calf liver","volume":"200","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Element Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04686-z","article-title":"Novel research: Acid-base homeostasis in camel calves (Camelus dromedarius) during the postnatal development","volume":"57","author":"Elkhair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tharwat, M., Elmoghazy, H.M.M., and Haridy, M. (2025). Breaking new ground: First report of integrating clinical, hematobiochemical, sonographic, and pathological findings in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) with hepatic fibrosis. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1639628"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.23-0325","article-title":"Ultrasonographic verification of hepatic hydatidosis in a female dromedary camel: A case report","volume":"85","author":"Tharwat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"105","article-title":"Mineral dynamics of blood and milk of buffaloes fed on calcium and phosphorus supplementation","volume":"30","author":"Begum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1080\/02757540.2021.1937141","article-title":"Evaluation of hemato-biochemical, antioxidant enzymes as biochemical biomarkers and genotoxic potential of glyphosate in freshwater fish (Labeo rohita)","volume":"37","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2016.00050.3","article-title":"Ultrasonographic findings in camels (Camelus dromedarius) with different urinary affections","volume":"23","author":"Tharwat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2016.00048.5","article-title":"Ultrasonographic findings in camel calves (Camelus dromedarius) with thoracic affections","volume":"23","author":"Tharwat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"163","article-title":"Oxidative stress and bovine liver diseases: Role of glutathione peroxidase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase","volume":"54","author":"Ellah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(05)80072-2","article-title":"Nutrient requirements of dromedary camels: Protein and energy requirements for maintenance","volume":"30","author":"Farid","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas76-072","article-title":"Urea degradation in the camel","volume":"56","author":"Emmanuel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.05.017","article-title":"Pregnancy and parturition in dromedary camels I. Factors affecting gestation length, calf birth weight and timing of delivery","volume":"134","author":"Nagy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"500","article-title":"Intestinal obstruction in dromedary camels: Clinical and ultrasonographic findings as well as variations in acid-base balance, blood gases and hematobiochemical profiles","volume":"13","author":"Tharwat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.Z., Huang, B., Kou, X., Chen, Y., Liang, H., Ullah, Q., Khan, I.M., Khan, A., Chai, W., and Wang, C. (2024). Enhancing bovine immune, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses with vitamins, rumen-protected amino acids, and trace minerals to prevent periparturient mastitis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1290044"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2019.51.2.503.509","article-title":"Growth performance and hair mineral status of marecha (Camelus dromedarius) calves reared under different management systems","volume":"51","author":"Faraz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelrahman, M.M., Alhidary, I.A., Aljumaah, R.S., and Faye, B. (2022). Blood trace element status in camels: A review. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162116"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelrahman, M.M., Alhidary, I.A., Aboragah, A.A., Qaid, M.M., Al-Badwi, M.A., Matar, A.M., Alobre, M.M., Amran, R.A., and Aljumaah, R.S. (2025). Maternal and environmental drivers of trace mineral dynamics in camel dams and neonates across regions and seasons in Saudi Arabia. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15111730"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastrana, C.I., Bermejo, J.V.D., Sgobba, M.N., Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J.N., Guerra, L., Pinto, D.C.G.A., Gil, A.M., Duarte, I.F., Lentini, G., and Ciani, E. (2022). Camel (Camelus spp.) urine bioactivity and metabolome: A systematic review of knowledge gaps, advances, and directions for future research. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315024"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasreldin, N., El-Shoukary, R.D., Abdel-Raheem, G.S.E., Gharib, H.S., Zigo, F., Farka\u0161ov\u00e1, Z., Rehan, I.F., and Senosy, W. (2023). Effect of mineral-vitamin premix supplementation on behavioral, performance, hormonal, oxidative stress, and serum biochemical profiles on rutting male Camelus dromedarius in Egypt. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1221830"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allouche-Fitoussi, D., and Breitbart, H. (2020). The role of zinc in male fertility. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207796"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padalino, B., and Menchetti, L. (2021). The first protocol for assessing welfare of camels. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.631876"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881800345X","article-title":"Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: A systematic review","volume":"147","author":"Sikkema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology Infect."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfac051","article-title":"Nutritional values and health benefits of dromedary camel meat","volume":"12","author":"Kadim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"208","article-title":"Pica (depraved appetite; allotrophagia) in domestic animals and man","volume":"27","author":"Firyal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.2533-2537","article-title":"Trace element concentrations in blood samples from dairy cows with uterine torsion and their neonatal calves","volume":"16","author":"Kazama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04639-5","article-title":"Dietary selenium influence on milk production, blood profiles, and reproductive efficiency in she-camels and neonatal growth performance","volume":"203","author":"Ayyat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Element Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1039\/d0mt00165a","article-title":"Se deficiency induces renal pathological changes by regulating selenoprotein expression, disrupting redox balance, and activating inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7580707","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7580707","article-title":"The essential element manganese, oxidative stress, and metabolic diseases: Links and interactions","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-021-00626-7","article-title":"Response of camels and cow calves to 100% and 50% roughage rations fed consequently","volume":"45","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"422","article-title":"The effects of oxidative stress in urinary tract infection during pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Kurutas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-010-9450-x","article-title":"Circulating oxidative stress status in dromedary camels infested with sarcoptic mange","volume":"35","author":"Saleh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Zhang, B., Li, J., and Zhang, Q. (2025). Multi-omics profiling identifies apolipoprotein E as an important regulator of steroidogenesis in bactrian camel poll glands during the breeding Season. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15213147"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-018-2645-1","article-title":"A study of hematologic and biochemical profile in female dromedary camels during the breeding and non-breeding seasons","volume":"27","author":"Jalali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8923","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91710-9","article-title":"Metabolomic profile of dromedary camel follicular fluid during the breeding and non-breeding seasons","volume":"15","author":"Abdoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Sumar, J. (2024, June 07). Nutrition in camelids. Available online: https:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.5555\/20113156709."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.03.003","article-title":"Nutritional requirements and assessing nutritional status in camelids","volume":"25","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"91","article-title":"The effect of modern care methods on the mortality rate of dromedary camels calves","volume":"7","author":"Aziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab. Univ. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3923\/rjvs.2011.20.26","article-title":"Esophageal obstruction in young camel calves (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.9755\/ejfa.2015-05-296","article-title":"Importance of camel milk for human health","volume":"28","author":"Kaskous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emir. J. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"235","article-title":"Performance of male breeding camels on different energy rations during rutting season","volume":"27","author":"Nagpal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.3","article-title":"Production diseases in farm animals: A comprehensive and illustrated clinical, laboratory and pathological overview","volume":"15","author":"Tharwat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2018.1495644","article-title":"Omaso-abomasal adenocarcinoma in a female Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"46","author":"Tharwat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0690","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the liver in healthy and diseased camels (Camelus dromedaries)","volume":"82","author":"Tharwat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.117.19.494","article-title":"Obstructive urethral calculi in the male camel: Report of two cases","volume":"117","author":"Kock","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"458","article-title":"Abdominal pedunculated leiomyoma in a male dromedary camel: Clinical, hematobiochemical, ultrasonographic and pathologic findings","volume":"13","author":"Sadan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alimi, N., Assani, A.S., Worogo, H.S., Baco, N.M., and Traor\u00e9, I.A. (2024). Livestock feed resources used as alternatives during feed shortages and their impact on the environment and ruminant performance in West Africa: A systematic review. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1352235"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De, B., Lei, B., Chen, Y., Li, L., Liu, Y., Meng, F., Jia, T., Wang, S., Li, T., and Liu, C. (2025). Multi-omics analysis reveals genetic regulatory mechanisms of muscle traits in wild and domesticated bactrian camels. bioRxiv, 2009\u20132025.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.02.673668"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Alonso, M., and Miranda, M. (2020). Copper Supplementation, A Challenge in Cattle. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101890"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2025.107574","article-title":"Effect of microbial feed additives on performance of Maghrebian she-camels under Egyptian conditions","volume":"252","author":"Sallam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142319","article-title":"Challenges of using blooms of Microcystis spp. in animal feeds: A comprehensive review of nutritional, toxicological and microbial health evaluation","volume":"764","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmer, C., Hannemann, R., Humann-Ziehank, E., Kleinschmidt, S., Koelln, M., Kamphues, J., and Ganter, M. (2021). A case of concurrent molybdenosis, secondary copper, cobalt and selenium deficiency in a small sheep herd in Northern Germany. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071864"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.661","article-title":"Incidence of iodine deficiency and congenital goitre in goats and kids of Darreh Garm region, Khorramabad, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Davoodi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.11.020","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidases","volume":"1830","author":"Maiorino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, L., Mu, J., Zheng, Y., and Liu, Y. (2023). Selenium deficiency-induced oxidative stress causes myocardial injury in calves by activating inflammation, apoptosis and necroptosis. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020229"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, J., Lei, L., Zheng, Y., Liu, J., Li, J., Li, D., Wang, G., and Liu, Y. (2023). Oxidative stress induced by selenium deficiency contributes to inflammation, apoptosis and necroptosis in the lungs of calves. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040796"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"34","article-title":"Use of an in vitro rumen gas production technique to evaluate some ruminant feedstuffs","volume":"3","author":"Sallam","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"341","article-title":"The syndrome of pica or depraved appetite in small ruminants: A mini-review","volume":"13","author":"Tharwat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2010.11.004","article-title":"Risks and benefits of copper in light of new insights of copper homeostasis","volume":"25","author":"Olivares","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trace Elements Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127228","article-title":"Analysis of the value of copper erythrocyte concentration measurement in the diagnosis of copper deficiency in bovines","volume":"79","author":"Postma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Trace Elements Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02153-4","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro evaluation of bull semen processed with zinc (Zn) nanoparticles","volume":"199","author":"Jahanbin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Element Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Wang, S., Yang, X., Han, X., Liu, Y., Khan, N.A., and Tan, Z. (2023). Effects of organic and inorganic selenium on selenium bioavailability, growth performance, antioxidant status and meat quality of a local beef cattle in China. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1171751"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"mfad028","DOI":"10.1093\/mtomcs\/mfad028","article-title":"Selenium deficiency causes oxidative stress and activates inflammation, apoptosis, and necroptosis in the intestine of weaned calves","volume":"15","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1","article-title":"Causal link between oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Vaziri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002220","article-title":"Copper imbalances in ruminants and humans: Unexpected common ground","volume":"3","author":"Suttle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. Int. Rev. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2008.36856","article-title":"Copper deficiency in sheep: An assessment of the relationship between concentrations of copper in serum and plasma","volume":"56","author":"Laven","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Zealand Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1578-5","article-title":"Copper and zinc nutritional issues for agricultural animal production","volume":"188","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6770","article-title":"Cobalt deficiency in cattle and its impact on production","volume":"40","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Haresign, U. (1981). Cobalt deficiency and cobalt requirements of ruminants. Recent advances in animal nutrition, Butterworth."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270256","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.270256","article-title":"Cobalt availability in the soil plant and animal food chain: A study under a peri-urban environment","volume":"83","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"13","article-title":"Zinc in the animal organism: A review","volume":"48","author":"Sloup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Agric. Bohem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.45.3.215","article-title":"Selenium and the immune response: 2. Enhancement of murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in vivo","volume":"45","author":"Petrie","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-009-9233-4","article-title":"Comparison between some oxidative Stress Biomarkers values in serum and plasma of clinically healthy adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran","volume":"33","author":"Hejazy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)00453-9","article-title":"Influence of citrate and EDTA anticoagulants on plasma malondialdehyde concentrations estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"751","author":"Suttnar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.735-742","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating esophageal obstruction in camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"16","author":"Sadan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2017.10.006","article-title":"A study of pica in cattle in Iran","volume":"23","author":"Nikvand","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.07.009","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of abdominal distension in 52 camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"93","author":"Tharwat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.12.003","article-title":"Transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy camels (Camelus dromedaries)","volume":"93","author":"Tharwat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H., and Gruenberg, W. (2017). Disturbances of Appetite, Food Intake, and Nutritional Status, Saunders Ltd.. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abou Akkada, A.R. (1989). Availability and utilization of feed resources with special reference to middle east. Ruminant Production in the Dry Subtropics: Constraints and Potentials: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Constraints and Possibilities of Ruminant Production in the Dry Subtropics, Wageningen Academic.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004683471_006"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2019.00026.2","article-title":"Chronic peritonitis in dromedary camels: Clinical, hematobiochemical, ultrasonographic and pathologic findings","volume":"26","author":"Tharwat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2019.00044.4","article-title":"Multiple splenic abscessation in a camel: Case Report","volume":"26","author":"Tharwat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)31006-9","article-title":"Noninfectious diseases, metabolic diseases, toxicities, and neoplastic diseases of south american camelids","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v115\/i7\/1270-1275","article-title":"The necessity to develop a comprehensive feed library for livestock production in south Asia","volume":"115","author":"Ramana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getachew, G., DePeters, E.J., and Robinson, P.H. (2004). In vitro gas production provides effective method for assessing ruminant feeds. Calif. Agric., 58.","DOI":"10.3733\/ca.v058n01p54"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use and calibration of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in feed analysis: A mini review","volume":"13","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2023.122506","article-title":"Discrimination of lamb (Ovis aries), emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), camel (Camelus dromedarius) and beef (Bos taurus) binary mixtures using a portable near infrared instrument combined with chemometrics","volume":"294","author":"Hoffman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16988-5","article-title":"Modulation of rumen bacterial community and feed utilization in camel and sheep using combined supplementation of live yeast and microalgae","volume":"12","author":"Rabee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093822","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2093822","article-title":"Clinicohematological, mutagenic, and oxidative stress induced by pendimethalin in freshwater fish bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-024-10054-3","article-title":"Review on camel genetic diversity: Ecological and economic perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Bagiyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almathen, F., and Salim, B. (2025). Time to link camel genomics and traits by bridging the phenotypic gap. Front. Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1627229"},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"Sajid, M.S., Ghazanfer, S., Rizwan, H.M., Bajwa, M.H., Anwar, N., and Saqib, M. (2024). Introduction to Omics Technologies, CRC Press."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/689\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:53:36Z","timestamp":1771847616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16040689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16040689","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]}}}