{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:16:06Z","timestamp":1790028966245,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The iliopsoas muscle (IPM) is a flexor of the hip joint in dogs that is vulnerable to injury. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of musculoskeletal ultrasound when evaluating the tendon of insertion of the IPM was studied. The IPM tendons of insertion of a randomly selected cohort were screened by one investigator and recorded. Musculoskeletal ultrasound recordings were separated into two groups of 20 dogs with presumptively normal IPM tendons of insertion and 32 dogs with one or two presumptively abnormal IPM tendons. Recordings were anonymized. The 104 tendons from these 52 dogs were independently reviewed twice by three observers. Abnormalities were detected in 6 of 40 presumptively normal IPM tendons (15%) and 59 of 64 presumptively abnormal IPM tendons (92%). Intraobserver repeatability of measurements of tendon dimensions was good (range, 0.24 to 0.76 mm), intraobserver reliability was good or excellent (range, 0.812 to 0.917), and intraobserver consistency was good (all coefficients of variation &lt;20%). All measurements had poor interobserver consistency (intraclass correlation coefficients &lt;0.500). Measurements of the tendon of insertion of the IPM have acceptable intraobserver repeatability, consistency, and reliability but have poor interobserver consistency, suggesting that efforts should be made to standardize the interpretation methods when using diagnostic ultrasound to evaluate problems affecting the tendon of insertion of the IPM in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16050711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:59:16Z","timestamp":1772017156000},"page":"711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Assessment of the Tendon of Insertion of the Iliopsoas Muscle in Dogs Using Diagnostic Ultrasound Has Good Intraobserver Consistency but Lacks Interobserver Consistency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Krysta E.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Surgical Centers, Vienna, VA 22180, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Langenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Surgical Centers, Vienna, VA 22180, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany Jean","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Animal Hospital at Liberty Highway, Anderson, SC 29621, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis J.","family":"Marcellin-Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinella, G., Davoli, B., Musella, V., and Dragone, L. (2021). Observational study on lameness recovery in 10 dogs affected by iliopsoas injury and submitted to a physiotherapeutic approach. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020419"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.7.734","article-title":"Kinematic motion analysis of the joints of the forelimbs and hind limbs of dogs during walking exercise regimens","volume":"71","author":"Holler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.12.001","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging of the musculoskeletal system","volume":"46","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cullen, R., Canapp, D., Dycus, D., Carr, B., Ibrahim, V., and Canapp, S. (2017). Clinical evaluation of iliopsoas strain with findings from diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound in agility performance canines\u201473 cases. Vet. Evid., 2.","DOI":"10.18849\/ve.v2i2.93"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"196","article-title":"Iliopsoas strain demographics, concurrent injuries, and grade determined by musculoskeletal ultrasound in 72 agility dogs","volume":"87","author":"Sack","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fry, L.M., Kieves, N.R., Shoben, A.B., Rychel, J.K., and Pechette Markley, A. (2022). Internet survey evaluation of iliopsoas injury in dogs participating in agility competitions. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.930450"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000313","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000313","article-title":"Radiographically breed-specific morphology and calcifying tendinopathy in the iliopsoas muscle at the lesser trochanter in Rottweilers, German Shepherd Dogs and Bavarian Mountain Hounds","volume":"7","author":"Willmitzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1992.tb03202.x","article-title":"Ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance in the investigation of iliopsoas compartment disease","volume":"36","author":"Daly","year":"1992","journal-title":"Australas. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc07s53","article-title":"CT of unusual iliopsoas compartment lesions","volume":"20","author":"Muttarak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-015-9260-4","article-title":"Imaging techniques for muscle injury in sports medicine and clinical relevance","volume":"8","author":"Crema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.12.003","article-title":"Musculoskeletal MRI","volume":"46","author":"Sage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.00385.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of normal canine iliopsoas muscle","volume":"49","author":"Cannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2020.07.004","article-title":"Handheld point-of-care ultrasound probes: The new generation of POCUS","volume":"34","author":"Baribeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Reef, V.B. (1998). Equine Diagnostic Ultrasound, W.B. Saunders."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1990.tb00880.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of iliopsoas pyomyositis by ultrasonography and CT","volume":"32","author":"Matsuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.979","article-title":"Reliability of goniometry in Labrador retrievers","volume":"63","author":"Jaegger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2021.100382","article-title":"Imaging techniques in veterinary medicine. Part I: Radiography and ultrasonography","volume":"8","author":"Meomartino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol. Open"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kot, B.C., Ying, M.T., and Brook, F.M. (2012). A comparison of portable ultrasound and fully-equipped clinical ultrasound unit in the thyroid size measurement of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030218"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franini, A., Entani, M.G., Colosio, E., Melotti, L., and Patruno, M. (2023). Case report: Flexor carpi ulnaris tendinopathy in a lure-coursing dog treated with three platelet-rich plasma and platelet lysate injections. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1003993"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.09.016","article-title":"Skeletal muscle ultrasound: Correlation between fibrous tissue and echo intensity","volume":"35","author":"Pillen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, S.N., Hawley, G.D., Smith, E.N., Mignemi, N.A., Ihejirika, R.C., Yuasa, M., Cates, J.M., Liu, X., and Schoenecker, J.G. (2016). Validation of a radiography-based quantification designed to longitudinally monitor soft tissue calcification in skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159624"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e048444","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048444","article-title":"Construct validity of a clinically correlated knee osteoarthritis ultrasonographic scale: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"11","author":"Mortada","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Portney, L.G. (2020). Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Evidence-Based Practice, Prentice Hall. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doi, S., and Williams, G. (2013). The coefficient of variation as an index of measurement reliability. Methods of Clinical Epidemiology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37131-8"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1080\/02664760903150706","article-title":"Estimating precision, repeatability, and reproducibility from Gaussian and non-Gaussian data: A mixed models approach","volume":"37","author":"Assam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sellon, D.C., Marcellin-Little, D.J., McFarlane, D., McCue, M., Pechette Markley, A., and Shoben, A. (2023). Adverse health events and recommended health research priorities in agility dogs as reported by dog owners. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1127632"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2019.02.004","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of patellar tendon thickness at 16 clinically relevant measurement sites\u2014A study of intra- and interrater reliability","volume":"23","author":"Holm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2013.01.007","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of patellar tendon thickness--a study of intra- and interobserver reliability","volume":"37","author":"Skou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(99)00173-8","article-title":"Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the rotator cuff: Spatial compounding and tendon thickness measurement","volume":"26","author":"Leotta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, J., Livino de Carvalho, K., Silva, P.E., Fachin-Martins, E., Babault, N., Marqueti, R.C., and Durigan, J.L.Q. (2019). Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of ultrasound imaging of patellar and quadriceps tendons in critically ill patients. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219057"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-023-00662-2","article-title":"Diaphragm ultrasonography: Reference values and influencing factors for thickness, thickening fraction, and excursion in the seated position","volume":"202","author":"Yamada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-23-0925","article-title":"Impact of changes in rectus femoris cross-sectional area measured by ultrasound on the prognosis of patients with acute heart failure","volume":"88","author":"Matsuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-6-30","article-title":"Improving inter-observer variability in the evaluation of ultrasonographic features of polycystic ovaries","volume":"6","author":"Lujan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.037382","article-title":"Interobserver reliability in musculoskeletal ultrasonography: Results from a \u201cTeach the Teachers\u201d rheumatologist course","volume":"65","author":"Naredo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq441","article-title":"Inter-observer reliability of ultrasound detection of tendon abnormalities at the wrist and ankle in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"50","author":"Micu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.02.018","article-title":"Reliability of muscle quantity and quality measured with extended-field-of-view ultrasound at nine body sites","volume":"49","author":"Hereus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"89","article-title":"Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility in musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging measurements","volume":"19","author":"Balint","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12322","article-title":"A comparison of handheld ultrasound versus traditional ultrasound for acquisition of RUSH views in healthy volunteers","volume":"1","author":"Dewar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Emerg. Physicians Open"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"268","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a handheld ultrasound vs a cart-based model: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Gibbons","year":"2024","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.24908\/pocus.v7i1.15052","article-title":"Ultrasound image quality comparison between a handheld ultrasound transducer and mid-range ultrasound machine","volume":"7","author":"Salimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"POCUS J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0512","article-title":"Use of B-mode ultrasonography for measuring femoral muscle thickness in dogs","volume":"78","author":"Sakaeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett, M.F., Goorchenko, G.E., and Frisbie, D.D. (2023). Comparison of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging for identifying soft tissue abnormalities in the palmar aspect of the equine digit. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13142328"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-08-10-0103","article-title":"Diagnostic value of ultrasonography to assess stifle lesions in dogs after cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 13 cases","volume":"22","author":"Arnault","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.12.1919","article-title":"Accuracy of three-dimensional and two-dimensional ultrasonography for measurement of tumor volume in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder","volume":"73","author":"Naughton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/5\/711\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T13:43:16Z","timestamp":1773063796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/5\/711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16050711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16050711","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]}}}