{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T09:59:46Z","timestamp":1772618386327,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["2024GXNSFBA010369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GXNSFBA010369"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Project of Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","award":["202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory Project of Guangxi Characteristic Economic Forest Cultivation and Utilization","award":["JA-23-03-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JA-23-03-01"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi\u2019s first batch of Young Talents Support Program"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Research Institute Research Team Project: Research on Ovulation Mechanism of Malayan Pangolin and Exploration of Assisted Reproductive Technology","award":["2024RT05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RT05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ex-situ conservation and captive breeding are important measures for protecting endangered species. However, captive conditions inhibit reproduction in some wild animals, especially males. Under captive conditions, which differentially expressed microbiota and metabolites significantly influence or are key to reproductive performance? This study aimed to investigate the effects of differentially expressed microbiota and metabolites on reproductive performance, including male Malayan pangolins with normal reproductive behavior (NR, with natural mating behavior) and those with abnormal reproductive behavior (AR, without natural mating behavior). Five male Malayan pangolins with normal reproductive behavior and eight with abnormal reproductive behavior were divided into NR and AR groups. Fresh fecal samples were collected for metagenomic and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota, and Fusobacteriota were the dominant phyla. Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Limosilactobacillus, and Ligilactobacillus were the dominant genera. The abundance of Absiella, Butyribacter, and Candidatus Scatovivens in the gut of the NR group was significantly higher than in the AR group (p &lt; 0.05), while the abundance of Clostridium, Mycoplasmopsis, and Facklamia in the gut of the AR group was significantly higher than in the NR group. A total of 94 differentially expressed metabolites were identified, with Argininosuccinic acid and Cortol significantly upregulated in the AR group, and gamma-Aminobutyric acid and gamma-Glutamylglutamic acid significantly downregulated. These microbiota and metabolites can be screened as potential key biomarkers that might influence the reproductive performance of male pangolins. These findings provide important insights into the husbandry and management of captive pangolins and other endangered wild animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16050735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:31:19Z","timestamp":1772181079000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Metabolome of Captive Male Malayan Pangolins with Normal and Abnormal Reproduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-7465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanghua","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8183-8512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baofeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyuan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Forestry Bureau, Nanning 530000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5275-4646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Defu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingyu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Challender, D.W.S., Nash, H.C., and Waterman, C. 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