{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:45:34Z","timestamp":1790286334817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical features of the lip skin of the goldfish (Carassius auratus, Linnaeus, 1758), a sensory-rich region that plays an essential role in feeding and environmental perception. Our findings highlight the coexistence and close association of immune, epithelial, and sensory cells within the epidermis and dermis. For the first time in goldfish, intraepidermal macrophages, eosinophilic granular cells, rodlet cells, Merkel cells, and several specialized sensory structures\u2014neuromasts, taste buds, and tuberous-like sensory units\u2014were simultaneously identified within the same integumentary field. Quantitative morphometry demonstrated a high density of eosinophilic granular cells, rodlet cells, and neuromasts per unit epithelial area, reinforcing the functional specialization of the goldfish lip as a sensory\u2013immune interface. Immunohistochemical markers (CK20, S100, CD68, CD64, CD117, and E-cadherin) were applied as complementary tools to describe phenotypic labeling patterns. These findings are interpreted cautiously as supportive evidence consistent with epithelial, neural-associated, stromal, and immune cell distributions observed morphologically. Transmission electron microscopy further uncovered fine structural details such as synapse-like contacts in taste buds and Merkel cells, dense-core granules in eosinophilic granular cells, and telocyte\u2013nerve fiber associations in the dermis. By integrating cellular, structural, and immunohistochemical perspectives, this study provides a novel descriptive reference for the goldfish lip skin as a region characterized by the close spatial association of sensory and immune-related elements, underscoring its value as a model for vertebrate cutaneous biology and neuroimmunology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16050764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:18:45Z","timestamp":1772554725000},"page":"764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integrated Sensory and Immune Cell Organization in the Lip Skin of the Goldfish (Carassius auratus, Linnaeus, 1758)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailah M.","family":"Almohaimeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3008-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Zaccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0635-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2550-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge M. O.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renewable Marine Resources, Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7975-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doaa","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Assiut, Assiut 71511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal T.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashmiah S.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81411, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6886-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tabinda","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8481-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelraheim","family":"Attaai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Assiut, Assiut 71511, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1076\/ejom.40.3.161.16685","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopic study of the structures associated with lips of an Indian hill stream fish Garra lamta (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes)","volume":"40","author":"Pinky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2007.00816.x","article-title":"Glycoproteins in the epithelium of lips and associated structures of a hill stream fish Garra lamta (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes): A histochemical investigation","volume":"37","author":"Pinky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23741","article-title":"Structural, ultrastructural, and functional aspects of the skin of the upper lip of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)","volume":"84","author":"Sayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19960701)34:4<302::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Structural diversity of the ordinary and specialized lateral line organs","volume":"34","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtar, D.M. (2021). Fish Histology from Cells to Organs, Apple Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003097419"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"853470","article-title":"An overview of the immunological defenses in fish skin","volume":"2012","author":"Esteban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Net. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20714","article-title":"Ultrastructure and distribution of superficial neuromasts of blind cavefish, Phreatichthys andruzzii, juveniles","volume":"72","author":"Dezfuli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2020.114402","article-title":"Epidermal mucus as a potential biological matrix for fish health analysis","volume":"24","author":"Santoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtar, D.M., Zaccone, G., Alesci, A., Kuciel, M., Hussein, M.T., and Sayed, R.K.A. (2023). Main Components of Fish Immunity: An Overview of the Fish Immune System. Fishes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8020093"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10621","article-title":"Organization of the superficial neuromast system in goldfish, Carassius auratus","volume":"269","author":"Schmitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14042-3","article-title":"Zebrafish aversive taste co-receptor is expressed in both chemo- and mechanosensory cells and plays a role in lateral line development","volume":"18","author":"Mojib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bataille, A., Le Gall, C., Misery, L., and Talagas, M. (2022). Merkel Cells Are Multimodal Sensory Cells: A Review of Study Methods. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233827"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"4","article-title":"Comparative Morphological Study of Lips and Associated Structures of Two Algal Grazer Fish","volume":"9","author":"Mokhtar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Microsc. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20857","article-title":"The lateral line system in larvae of the blind cyprinid cavefish, Phreatichthys andruzzii","volume":"292","author":"Dezfuli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0151R1.1","article-title":"Repeated exposure of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222)","volume":"44","author":"Posner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bancroft, J.D., Layton, C., and Suvarna, S.K. (2013). Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Churchill Livingstone. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtar, D.M., Attaai, A., Zaccone, G., Alesci, A., Alonaizan, R., and Hussein, M.T. (2023). Morphological Distribution Patterns and Neuroimmune Communication of Ganglia in Molly Fish (Poecilia sphenops, Valenciennes 1846). Fishes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8060289"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11679-3","article-title":"Immune cell diversity and regenerative markers reveal interactions among macrophages, rodlet cells, and stem cells in the kidney of Poecilia sphenops","volume":"15","author":"Sayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"137A","article-title":"A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy","volume":"27","author":"Karnovsky","year":"1965","journal-title":"Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.17.1.208","article-title":"The use of lead citrates at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy","volume":"17","author":"Reynolds","year":"1963","journal-title":"Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48400-0","article-title":"Microridges are apical epithelial projections formed of F-actin networks that organize the glycan layer","volume":"9","author":"Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-92","article-title":"Skin mucus of Cyprinus carpio inhibits cyprinid herpesvirus 3 binding to epidermal cells","volume":"42","author":"Raj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.11.009","article-title":"Mucosal immunoglobulins and B cells of teleost fish","volume":"35","author":"Salinas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.09.008","article-title":"Barrier properties of mucus","volume":"61","author":"Cone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1021\/es505054f","article-title":"Metabolite profiling of fish skin mucus: A novel approach for minimally-invasive environmental exposure monitoring and surveillance","volume":"49","author":"Ekman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1543","article-title":"Structure of the skin of an air-breathing mudskipper, Periophthalmus manuspinntus","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Morphological investigation and functional aspects of the skin of the snout region in Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio)","volume":"4","author":"Makhlouf","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Val. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10029","article-title":"Friedrich sigmund Merkel and his \u201cMerkel cell\u201d, morphology, development, and physiology: Review and new results","volume":"271","author":"Halata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2009.09.032","article-title":"Mammalian Merkel cells are descended from the epidermal lineage","volume":"336","author":"Morrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12497864","article-title":"The Merkel cell system and a comparison between it and the neurosecretory or APUD cell system","volume":"69","author":"Winkelmann","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12456","article-title":"Merkel cells and touch domes: More than mechanosensory functions?","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"29","article-title":"Neuron-specific enolase and serotonin in the Merkel cells of conger-eel (Conger Conger) epidermis","volume":"85","author":"Zaccone","year":"1986","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290000121","article-title":"Developmental origin of avian Merkel cells","volume":"202","author":"Grim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-1606(02)00015-5","article-title":"Neural crest origin of mammalian Merkel cells","volume":"253","author":"Szeder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/azo.12068","article-title":"Confocal imaging and phylogenetic considerations of the subcutaneous neurons in the Atlantic hagfish Myxine glutinosa","volume":"96","author":"Zaccone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Zool."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-7722.2002.00008.x","article-title":"Recent progress in studies on Merkel cell biology","volume":"77","author":"Tachibana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90367-9","article-title":"Presence and coexistence of chromogranin A and multiple neuropeptides in Merkel cells of mammalian oral mucosa","volume":"89","author":"Gauweiler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2018.11.003","article-title":"Merkel cells immunohistochemical study in striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) skin","volume":"56","author":"Lauriano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Cell."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2004.12.023","article-title":"Human Merkel cells: Aspects of cell biology, distribution and functions","volume":"84","author":"Moll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12606183","article-title":"Cytokeratin 20 is a general marker of cutaneous Merkel cells while certain neuronal proteins are absent","volume":"104","author":"Moll","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.58.379","article-title":"The Merkel cell: Recent findings and unresolved problems","volume":"58","author":"Tachibana","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000612)421:4<570::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Distribution and innervation of lateral line organs in the channel catfish","volume":"421","author":"Northcutt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.07.017","article-title":"Evolution of a behavioral shift mediated by superficial neuromasts helps cavefish find food in darkness","volume":"28","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052090109","article-title":"Ultrastructure of free neuromasts of Bathygobius fuscus (gobiidae) and canal neuromasts of Apogon cyanosoma (apogonidae)","volume":"209","author":"Rouse","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00597-9","article-title":"S-100 protein is a selective marker for sensory hair cells of the lateral line system in teleosts","volume":"329","author":"Abbate","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.04.094","article-title":"S100 protein is a useful and specific marker for hair cells of the lateral line system in postembryonic zebrafish","volume":"29","author":"Germana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(93)90122-H","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of S-100 protein in the saccule of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii R.)","volume":"68","author":"Foster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.68","article-title":"Taste buds: Cells, signals and synapses","volume":"18","author":"Roper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"obac035","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obac035","article-title":"Extraoral Taste Buds on the Paired Fins of Damselfishes","volume":"4","author":"Hardy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. Org. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2020.12.004","article-title":"Chemical and electrical synaptic interactions among taste bud cells","volume":"20","author":"Roper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960415)367:4<563::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Tuberous electroreceptor organs form in denervated regenerating skin of a weakly electric fish","volume":"15","author":"Weisleder","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00305139","article-title":"The fine structure of ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors in the South American blind catfish Pseudocetopsis spec","volume":"177","author":"Andres","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mast cells in nonmammalian vertebrates: An overview","volume":"290","author":"Baccari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/ph7030265","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides from fish","volume":"7","author":"Diamond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10-1128","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-18","article-title":"Organization of the skin immune system and compartmentalized immune responses in infectious diseases","volume":"32","author":"Quaresma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, M.T., Zaccone, G., Albano, M., Alesci, A., Marino, S., Alonaizan, R., and Mokhtar, D.M. (2025). Serotonin Signaling and Macrophage Subsets in Goldfish Gills: Unraveling the Neuroimmune Network for Gill Homeostasis. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15050751"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"187","article-title":"Rodlet cells from the gills and kidneys of two Brazilian freshwater fishes: An ultrastructural study","volume":"22","author":"Matos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz. J. morphol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2022.151876","article-title":"Rodlet cells in kidney of goldfish (Carassius auratus, Linnaeus 1758): A light and confocal microscopy study","volume":"124","author":"Alesci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtar, D.M., Abd-Elhafez, E.A., Albano, M., Zaccone, G., and Hussein, M.T. (2024). Exploring Cellular Dynamics in the Goldfish Bulbus Arteriosus: A Multifaceted Perspective. Fishes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes9060203"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1093\/micmic\/ozad015","article-title":"Catfish Epidermal Club Cell Morphologic and Immunologic Attributes: Heterogeneous S-100 Immunoreactivity and Possible Neuroendocrine Function","volume":"29","author":"Awad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15932.3","article-title":"E-cadherin expression pattern during zebrafish embryonic epidermis development","volume":"7","author":"Sampedro","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11608-9","article-title":"Bacteria evoke alarm behavior in zebrafish","volume":"10","author":"Chia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, S., Stockwell, C.A., Snider, M.R., and Wisenden, B.D. (2021). Epidermal club cells in fishes: A case for ecoimmunological analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031440"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alesci, A., Albano, M., Savoca, S., Mokhtar, D.M., Fumia, A., Aragona, M., Lo Cascio, P., Hussein, M.M., Capillo, G., and Pergolizzi, S. (2022). Confocal Identification of Immune Molecules in Skin Club Cells of Zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton 1882) and Their Possible Role in Immunity. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111653"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927620001786","article-title":"Structural investigation of epididymal microvasculature and its relation to telocytes and immune cells in camel","volume":"26","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-025-02413-1","article-title":"Telocytes: History, origin, identification, structure, distribution, and functions","volume":"163","author":"Dolbnya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.09.050","article-title":"Characterization of the fish ovarian stroma during the spawning season: Cytochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies","volume":"94","author":"Mokhtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Jin, M., Ma, W.H., Zhu, Z., and Wang, X. (2016). The History of Telocyte Discovery and Understanding, Springer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-1061-3_1"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3109\/14653249.2011.594792","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells impair the differentiation of CD14(++) CD16(-) CD64(+) classical monocytes into CD14(++) CD16(+) CD64(++) activate monocytes","volume":"14","author":"Mencalha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/5\/764\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T05:15:15Z","timestamp":1772687715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/5\/764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16050764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16050764","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}