{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:46:25Z","timestamp":1773103585864,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Naresuan University (NU) and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund","award":["R2567B037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2567B037"]}]},{"name":"Reinventing University Program 2026, the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand","award":["R2569A014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2569A014"]}]},{"name":"Frontier Research and Innovation Cluster Fund, Naresuan University","award":["R2569C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2569C002"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Fund 2026, University of Phayao","award":["2278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2278"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of a novel phytosynbiotic feed supplement derived from double-layer microencapsulated Pediococcus acidilactici V202 and Tiliacora triandra leaf extract (DMP) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, gut fermentation, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. A total of 250 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: basal control diet, antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) with chlortetracycline at 0.07%, and DMP supplementation at 0.25, 0.50, or 1.00% (w\/w) for 42 days. Compared with the control diet, feeding the DMP led to linear or quadratic responses (p &lt; 0.05) on average daily gain, feed efficiency, productive index, and economic returns. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and apparent metabolizable energy was enhanced in DMP-fed broilers, indicating improved nutrient utilization efficiency. These performance responses were accompanied by pronounced alterations in cecal fermentation, characterized by increased lactic acid, total volatile fatty acids, and particularly acetic and butyric acid levels (p &lt; 0.01). Microbiome analysis revealed that the DMP selectively enriched fermentative SCFA-producing bacterial orders, including Lachnospirales, Oscillospirales, and Lactobacillales. It also reduced the relative abundance of less desirable taxa. As evidenced by an increased villus height and surface area in the duodenum and jejunum, along with a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the ileum, feeding the DMP also enhanced small intestinal morphology. These coordinated morphological adaptations are indicative of enhanced epithelial maturation and reduced crypt hyperplasia, likely mediated by elevated microbial SCFA production in the gut. In conclusion, the DMP improved broiler growth performance by coordinating the modulation of the gut microbiota, SCFA levels, and intestinal morphology, resulting in enhanced nutrient digestibility and productivity. This phytosynbiotic strategy represents a sustainable plant-based alternative to antibiotic growth promoters for environmentally responsible poultry production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16050845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T13:27:18Z","timestamp":1773062838000},"page":"845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phytosynbiotic Containing Double-Layer Microencapsulated Pediococcus acidilactici V202 and Tiliacora triandra Leaf Extract Improve Growth Performance and Gut Health in Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4046-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manatsanun","family":"Nopparatmaitree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Loor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6297-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaiwat","family":"Arjin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noraphat","family":"Hwanhlem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pranpriya","family":"Sudchamrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buachompooputr","family":"Buapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payungsuk","family":"Intawicha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1343-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tossaporn","family":"Incharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04549-7","article-title":"Nutritional Evaluation and Potential of Locally Available Alternative Feed Resources for Sustainable Poultry Production: A Case Study of Smallholder Farms in Central and Southern Ethiopia","volume":"57","author":"Getahun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. 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