{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T01:45:09Z","timestamp":1773279909366,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rumenitis is an inflammatory condition of the rumen, typically seen in adult cattle managed on high-energy diets. In calves, it is uncommon and often linked to ruminal drinking due to esophageal groove dysfunction. Early diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific clinical signs. A one-month-old male Limousin calf was presented with persistent non-fetid fluid regurgitation, rhythmic mastication, inappetence, and progressive neurological signs. Clinical examination revealed signs of dehydration and neurological dysfunction. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated metabolic acidosis (pH 7.16), hyperkalemia, and elevated serum urea. Endoscopy identified diffuse mucosal hyperemia, erosions, and fluid accumulation in the rumen. Symptomatic and supportive therapy was initiated; however, the calf died spontaneously. Necropsy was therefore performed, and rumen samples were collected for histological and microbiological investigations. Histopathological analysis confirmed acute suppurative rumenitis. The microbiological culture of rumen and reticulum samples yielded mixed bacterial flora, including Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. The fungal culture isolated Penicillium spp., Mucoraceae, Geotrichium spp., and Aspergillus fumigatus. This case details the value of integrating clinical examination, blood gas analysis, endoscopy, histopathology, and microbiology in diagnosing rumenitis in young calves. Although Limousin calves are not considered predisposed, management and feeding practices may play a critical role in disease onset. Rumenitis should be considered in calves presenting persistent regurgitation and neurological signs. Early, minimally invasive diagnostics such as endoscopy can improve diagnostic accuracy and inform timely clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16060870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:43:27Z","timestamp":1773225807000},"page":"870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Diagnostic Tools for Early Recognition of Rumenitis in a Neonatal Calf"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-6391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tolulope Grace","family":"Ogundipe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Militerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Rinnovati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9727-941X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Scarpellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8626-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talita","family":"Bordoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6091-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arcangelo","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berihu Gebrekidan","family":"Teklehaymanot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Theriogenology and Welfare, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1726-0442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Benazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0605-3344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Bolcato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2014University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Xia, Z., Fu, J., and Yang, Y. 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