{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T14:40:01Z","timestamp":1782830401980,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008331","name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To reduce pressure on capture fisheries, sustainable aquaculture must decrease its dependency on fish meal and fish oil. Microalgae are a promising substitute due to their complete nutritional profile and low-footprint production process. This study examined the use of the cyanobacterium Limnospira maxima (commercially known as Spirulina) as a partial substitute for fish meal in feed for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). We developed isoproteic (36%) and isoenergetic (3000 kcal kg\u22121) fish feed formulations containing 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% L. maxima dry biomass. The experimental diets were then fed to 360 juvenile O. niloticus (1.32 \u00b1 0.35 g) for 85 days using a randomized experimental design. The hepatic, intestinal, and muscle (fillet) tissues of the fish were collected for morphophysiological, fatty acid, and proteomic analyses. The intestinal coefficient, number of intestinal villi, villus height, and hepatosomatic index were essentially the same for all treatments (p &gt; 0.05). Treatments containing 20\u201330% L. maxima exhibited a higher degree of unsaturation and better dietary fat quality. A greater abundance of the enzymes SOD, GSR, PRX1, and PLD3 in the experimental groups indicated higher antioxidant activity, whereas a greater abundance of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases indicated better use of fatty acids as an energy source. These trends were more evident in the 20\u201330% inclusion range. Thus, adding L. maxima to fish feed improves farming performance, fish health, and product quality. The results encourage the use of microalgae to promote more sustainable aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16060889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:46:31Z","timestamp":1773326791000},"page":"889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physiological and Metabolic Effects of Limnospira maxima Inclusion in Fish Feed on the Liver, Intestine, and Fillet of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Layon Carvalho de","family":"Assis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biotecnologia de Algas, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, sala 532A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6788-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Kurpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER), 3003 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia Pope de","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biotecnologia de Algas, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, sala 532A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0375-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wassali Valadares de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Prote\u00f4mica (LabProt) e Unidade Prote\u00f4mica, LADETEC, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur Costa","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biotecnologia de Algas, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, sala 532A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna de Lemos","family":"Novo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biotecnologia de Algas, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, sala 532A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael de Oliveira","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biotecnologia de Algas, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, sala 532A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina dos Santos","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LeBioME-N\u00facleo de Estudos com Bioativos, Mitoc\u00f4ndria, e Metabolismo da Placenta, Instituto de Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o Josu\u00e9 de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0809-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"El-Bacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LeBioME-N\u00facleo de Estudos com Bioativos, Mitoc\u00f4ndria, e Metabolismo da Placenta, Instituto de Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o Josu\u00e9 de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Pierro","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o e Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de Esp\u00e9cies Ornamentais, Instituto Federal do Espirito Santo, Campus Alegre, Postal 47, Alegre 29500-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5507-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio C\u00e9sar Sousa","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Prote\u00f4mica (LabProt) e Unidade Prote\u00f4mica, LADETEC, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina de Precis\u00e3o, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Unidade Prote\u00f4mica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7376-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Guedes","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Lip\u00eddeos e Lipid\u00f4mica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5204-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita Ferreira do","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biotecnologia de Algas, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, sala 532A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2024). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024, FAO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03308-6","article-title":"A 20-Year Retrospective Review of Global Aquaculture","volume":"591","author":"Naylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-020-0078-x","article-title":"Global Adoption of Novel Aquaculture Feeds Could Substantially Reduce Forage Fish Demand by 2030","volume":"1","author":"Cottrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"de Silva, S.S., and Anderson, T.A. (1994). Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Springer Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 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