{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T09:42:15Z","timestamp":1773394935420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic osteoarthritis (COA) is a progressive and degenerative condition that causes joint inflammation and pain, often requiring long-term pharmacological management. Conventional treatments may lead to adverse effects, tolerance, and limited analgesic efficacy. This randomized, double-blind clinical trial evaluated the analgesic potential of a full-spectrum Cannabis sativa oil extract administered orally twice daily over six weeks in dogs with COA. Subjects were assigned to three groups: Cannabis, Placebo, and Control. Pain was assessed using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) and the Canine Osteoarthritis Staging Tool (COAST), which ranges from 0 to 4. The Cannabis extract (46.4 mg\/mL) total cannabinoids: Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC), and Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), were administered using a cautious dose escalation protocol. Treatment began at ~0.1 mg\/kg every 12 h, increasing by one drop (1.16 mg) every 72 h. This gradual titration continued until reaching the maximum tolerated dose (2 mg\/kg every 12 h), which was maintained for the final two weeks. The protocol was designed to minimize adverse effects and allow close monitoring, especially in geriatric or clinically fragile dogs. By day 28, when the DMT was reached, the Cannabis group showed a 39.6% reduction in CBPI scores, compared to 24.7% in the Placebo group and a 1.6% increase in the Control group. COAST scores improved from level 4 to level 3 in 55.5% of dogs in the Cannabis group, with no changes observed in the other groups. We hypothesize that the co-administration of carprofen, meloxicam, or pregabalin with a full-spectrum Cannabis sativa extract\u2014rich in acidic cannabinoids and terpenes\u2014enhances pain relief and mobility in dogs with COA more effectively than conventional therapies alone. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of an oily full-spectrum Cannabis sativa extract as an adjunctive treatment to NSAIDs in twenty-seven dogs diagnosed with COA, and to compare pain intensity across three treatments groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16060900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:26:19Z","timestamp":1773390379000},"page":"900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Randomized and Blind Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Full-Spectrum Oral Cannabis sativa Oil Extract, Standardized Based on CBD-A, CBD and THC-A, THC in Canines with Chronic Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Escobar Torres","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, La Pir\u00e1mide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6475-2525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silva Elgueta","family":"Maria Teresa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Navarro Soto","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, La Pir\u00e1mide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su\u00e1rez Araya","family":"Stephanie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Veterinaria Los Pinos, Calle Heraldo Orrego 3011, Local 2, Sector Los Pinos, Quilpu\u00e9 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandoval Contreras","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario Pablo de Rokha, Pedro Prado 12697, La Pintana 8820000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5607-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arrau Barra","family":"Sylvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, La Pir\u00e1mide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brioschi, F.A., Di Cesare, F., Gioeni, D., Rabbogliatti, V., Ferrari, F., D\u2019urso, E.S., Amari, M., and Ravasio, G. 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