{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T08:36:49Z","timestamp":1773995809082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Subproject of China\u2019s National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2023YFD1300804-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1300804-2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017700","name":"Key Project of Science and Technology of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242102111177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102111177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["242300420475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242300420475"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of dietary supplementation of enzyme\u2013microbe co-fermented Ganoderma lucidum spent substrate (EFGLS) on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, organ indices, and cecal microbiota in yellow-feathered broilers are investigated. Healthy broilers (450 individuals of 22 days age) of similar body weight were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (five replicates\/treatment, 30 birds\/replicate). A control group received a corn\u2013soybean meal-based basal diet; treatments received diets containing 1.5% or 3.0% EFGLS. Over six weeks, treatment-group broilers exhibited significantly greater average daily gain and a lower feed-to-gain ratio compared with the control group (p &lt; 0.001); differences in apparent nutrient digestibility in EFGLS-supplemented groups were not significant. A thymus index was significantly higher in the 1.5% than 3.0% EFGLS group (p &lt; 0.05); Pielou\u2019s evenness, Shannon, and Simpson indices of cecal microbiota were significantly higher in the 3.0% EFGLS group than control group (p &lt; 0.05); and a dominance index was significantly higher in the control group than in treatment groups. Under study conditions, dietary supplementation with EFGLS improved growth performance in broilers, associated with favorable changes in apparent nutrient digestibility, immune organ development, and cecal microbial community structure. Accordingly, we recommend a dietary supplementation level of 1.5% EFGLS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16060949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T11:14:14Z","timestamp":1773832454000},"page":"949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Enzyme\u2013Microbe Co-Fermented Ganoderma lucidum Spent Substrate on Growth Performance, Apparent Nutrient Digestibility, Organ Indices, and Gut Microbiota in Yellow-Feathered Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No. 311 Nongda East Road, Urmuqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, No. 6 Longzihu North Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhifang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, No. 6 Longzihu North Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuanyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, No. 6 Longzihu North Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tongshuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, No. 6 Longzihu North Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, No. 6 Longzihu North Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No. 311 Nongda East Road, Urmuqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Animal Science, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, No. 6 Longzihu North Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Research Progress on Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of Lingzhi (Ganoderma) and Prediction Analysis of Quality Marker","volume":"43","author":"Ran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"China Edible Fungi Association (2025). Analysis of the National Statistical Survey Results of Edible Fungi Production in China in 2023. Edible Fungi China, 44, 120\u2013129."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"130","article-title":"Effect of Waste Material Cultured Auricularia auricula on Soda Alkali-Saline Soil Improvement","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"156","article-title":"Application of Ganoderma lucidum fungus chaff in animal production","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Feed Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"58","article-title":"Research progress on generation and reduction of odor-causing compounds in excreta of poultry","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Feed Ind."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Ganoderma lucidum Residue on Apparent Nutrient Digestibility and Emissions of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide in Laying Hens","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Poult."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3654","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Ganoderma lucidum Fungus Chaff Supplemental Level on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Serum Biochemical Indices of Laying Ducks","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"46","article-title":"Effect of the Fermentation Products by Fresh JUNCAO and Ganoderma lucidum on Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Dairy Cows","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Dairy Cattle"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, A.A., Mendes, T.D., Mendon\u00e7a, S., Quirino, B.F., Almeida, E.G.d., and Siqueira, F.G.d. (2022). Nutraceutical Enrichment of Animal Feed by Filamentous Fungi Fermentation. Fermentation, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8080402"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"30","article-title":"Effect of mixed fermented feed with Orah mandarin fruit defectives and fruit drop on nutrient apparent digestibility, growth performance and meat quality of Fufeng Ma-chickens","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Feed Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"60","article-title":"Effects of compound microbial fermented feed on growth performance, intestinal flora and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion rate of white feather broilers","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Feed"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"20","article-title":"Effects of fermented flammulina mushroom bran on growth performance, meat quality, and breeding cost of mutton sheep","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Feed Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.22271\/veterinary.2023.v8.i1a.461","article-title":"Effects of Anti-Nutritive Factors on Ruminants and Methods to Alleviate Them: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Kemboi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/133151\/2021","article-title":"Synergism of Microorganisms and Enzymes in Solid-State Fermentation of Animal Feed. A Review","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.05.058","article-title":"Production of Spent Mushroom Substrate Hydrolysates Useful for Cultivation of Lactococcus lactis by Dilute Sulfuric Acid, Cellulase and Xylanase Treatment","volume":"102","author":"Qiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.005","article-title":"Enteric Methane Emissions and Protozoa Populations in Holstein Steers Fed Spent Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Substrate Silage-Based Diets","volume":"234","author":"Rangubhet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3909","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus and Bacillus subtilis Mixed Fermentation Feed on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112626","article-title":"Study on Synergistic Fermentation of Bean Dregs and Soybean Meal by Multiple Strains and Proteases","volume":"154","author":"Heng","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.3447-3463","article-title":"Synergistic Probiotic Consortium of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus fermentum Enhances Palm Kernel Meal Utilization and Functional Feed Potential in Poultry","volume":"18","author":"Mirnawati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, W.Y., Liu, C.L., Tsai, C.F., Lin, W.C., Chang, S.C., Shih, H.D., Shy, Y.M., and Lee, T.-T. (2020). Evaluation of Waste Mushroom Compost as a Feed Supplement and Its Effects on the Fat Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity of Broilers. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030445"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2024.100421","article-title":"Effects of Mushroom Stump Waste Inclusions to Broiler Diets on Amino Acid Digestibility and D1\u201321 Performance","volume":"33","author":"Erb","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2018). Determination of Crude Protein in Feeds\u2014Kjeldahl Method (Standard No. GB\/T 6432\u20142018)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2006). Determinaiion of Crude Fat in Feeds (Standard No. GB\/T 6433\u20142006)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2016). Determination of Sulfur in Feedstuff\u2014Magnesium Nitrate Method (Standard No. GB\/T 17776\u20142016)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2007). Animal Feeding Stuffs\u2014Determination of Crude Ash (Standard No. GB\/T 6438\u20142007)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2018). Determination of Phosphorus in Feeds\u2014Spectrophotometry (Standard No. GB\/T 6437\u20142018)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2009). Animal Feeding Stuffs\u2014Determination of Ash Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid (Standard No. GB\/T 23742\u20142009)."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"73","article-title":"Effects of fermented mushroom bran feed on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and immune function of fattening pigs","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"China Feed"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Shi, C.B. (2022). Effects of Pleurotus eryngii Substrate on Productive Performances, Antioxidant Abilities, and Rumen Morphological Development of Hu Sheep. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nanjing Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"128","article-title":"The effect of shiitake mushroom bran on immune regulation mechanism and microbial community in broiler chickens","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Feed"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"107","article-title":"Effect of liquid fermentation products of Ganoderma lucidum on production performance, immune function and antioxidant capacity of broilers","volume":"2","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Anim. Sci. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz258.258","article-title":"Effects of Fermented Feed Supplementation on Pig Growth Performance: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"97","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10097-6","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Expressing Multifunctional Glycoside Hydrolases on the Characteristics of Alfalfa Silage","volume":"103","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.06.011","article-title":"Effect of Fermented Rapeseed Meal on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Intestinal Health in Growing Pigs","volume":"15","author":"Shuai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0627","article-title":"Role of Fermentation in Improving Nutritional Quality of Soybean Meal\u2014A Review","volume":"29","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Liu, J., Chen, J., Pirzado, S.A., Li, Y., Cai, H., and Liu, G. (2020). Effects of Fermentation on Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids and Apparent Metabolizable Energy in Rapeseed Meal Fed to Broiler Chickens. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101774"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katu, J.K., T\u00f3th, T., and Varga, L. (2025). Enhancing the Nutritional Quality of Low-Grade Poultry Feed Ingredients Through Fermentation: A Review. Agriculture, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15050476"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101402","article-title":"Effects of Feeding Solid-State Fermented Wheat Bran on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Broiler Chickens","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105688","article-title":"MDV-Induced Differential microRNA Expression in the Primary Lymphoid Organ of Thymus","volume":"170","author":"Heidari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102629","article-title":"Effects of Fermented Feed on Growth Performance, Immune Organ Indices, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Cecal Odorous Compound Production, and the Microbiota Community in Broilers","volume":"102","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, W., Talpur, M.Z., Zeng, Y., Xie, P., Li, J., Wang, S., Wang, L., Zhu, X., Gao, P., and Jiang, Q. (2022). Influence of Fermented Feed Additive on Gut Morphology, Immune Status, and Microbiota in Broilers. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03322-4"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2015.02.015","article-title":"From 2000years of Ganoderma Lucidum to Recent Developments in Nutraceuticals","volume":"114","author":"Bishop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2020.1801988","article-title":"Probiotic Fermented Feed Improved the Production, Health and Nutrient Utilisation of Yellow-Feathered Broilers Reared in High Altitude in Tibet","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77864-y","article-title":"Key Features and Guidelines for the Application of Microbial Alpha Diversity Metrics","volume":"15","author":"Cassol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"5863","article-title":"Effects of Fermented Feed on Laying Performance, Intestine Morphology, Digesta Digestive Enzyme Activities and Cecal Microbiota of Laying Hens","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Long, Y. (2024). Research on Efficient Feed Utilization of Edible Mushroom Residue and Herbal Medicine Residue for Black Goats. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Guizhou University]."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"6349","article-title":"Effects of Fermented Siraitia grosvenorii Residue on Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Serum Biochemical Indices, Intestinal Morphology and Cecal Microflora of Yellow\u2043Feathered Broilers","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Fan, S., Wu, H., Li, H., Shan, X., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Q., Chen, G., and Xu, X. (2024). A 16S RNA Analysis of Yangzhou Geese with Varying Body Weights: Gut Microbial Difference and Its Correlation with Body Weight Parameters. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14142042"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.21.0318","article-title":"Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Feed Supplements Improve Growth Performance and Gut Mucosal Architecture with Modulations on Cecal Microbiota in Red-Feathered Native Chickens","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asare, P.T., Greppi, A., Pennacchia, A., Brenig, K., Geirnaert, A., Schwab, C., Stephan, R., and Lacroix, C. (2021). In Vitro Modeling of Chicken Cecal Microbiota Ecology and Metabolism Using the PolyFermS Platform. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.780092"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, X., Xiang, Y., Lou, F., Tu, P., Zhang, X., Hu, X., Lyu, W., and Xiao, Y. (2020). Microbial Community and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Mapping in the Intestinal Tract of Quail. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10061006"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103113","article-title":"Xylo-Oligosaccharide-Based Prebiotics Upregulate the Proteins of the Sus-like System in Caecal Bacteroidetes of the Chicken: Evidence of Stimbiotic Mechanism","volume":"102","author":"Amir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut Microbiome and Health: Mechanistic Insights","volume":"71","author":"Tilg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.21.0562","article-title":"Microbial Short-Chain Fatty Acids: A Bridge between Dietary Fibers and Poultry Gut Health\u2014A Review","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.034","article-title":"Soybean Oligosaccharide, Stachyose, and Raffinose in Broilers Diets: Effects on Odor Compound Concentration and Microbiota in Cecal Digesta","volume":"99","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2024-0068","article-title":"Study of the Possibility of Modulating the Composition of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Rabbits Fed Fermented Rapeseed Meal","volume":"25","author":"Kowalska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"82","article-title":"Effects of fermented feed on growth performance, serum biochemistry, intestinal tissue morphology and cecal microflora of yellow feather broilers","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Northeast Agric. Univ."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/6\/949\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T05:23:16Z","timestamp":1773984196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/6\/949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16060949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16060949","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]}}}