{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:11:06Z","timestamp":1787800266876,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","award":["RS-2023-00278093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00278093"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clothing pressure influences the comfort, mobility, and welfare of dogs; however, quantitative evidence on how obesity affects localized garment pressure is limited. Using CLO 3D virtual fitting, we evaluated clothing pressure according to body condition (normal vs. obese), posture, and fabric type. We constructed normal and obese avatars for three breeds and simulated a short-sleeved T-shirt across six postures and three fabrics, yielding n = 108 simulation conditions (two body conditions \u00d7 three breeds \u00d7 six postures \u00d7 three fabrics). Clothing pressure was quantified as ROI-averaged pressure (kPa) at four body regions (P1\u2013P4). The overall mean pressure (averaged across P1\u2013P4) increased from 16.69 \u00b1 3.69 kPa (normal) to 19.56 \u00b1 5.03 kPa (obese), with the highest pressures consistently observed at the chest (P2) and abdomen (P4). Region-specific ANOVA\/GLM analyses (breed treated as a fixed factor) showed significant main effects of body condition, posture, fabric type, and breed on clothing pressure (all p &lt; 0.001), while the three-way interaction (body condition \u00d7 posture \u00d7 fabric) was not significant (p &gt; 0.05). These findings show that CLO 3D virtual fitting enables controlled, simulation-based comparisons of clothing pressure across body conditions; however, because no in vivo wear trials were conducted, the results should be interpreted as preliminary, and they require future experimental validation before practical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16071006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:07:13Z","timestamp":1774433233000},"page":"1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Clothing Pressure Distribution in Obese and Normal-Weight Dogs Based on Material and Postural Variations Using CLO 3D Virtual Fitting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5079-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jisoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clothing & Textiles, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5077-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngjoo","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clothing & Textiles, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Association for Pet Obesity Prevention (APOP) (2026, January 15). 2024 Pet Obesity Survey: U.S. Pet Obesity Rates. Association for Pet Obesity Prevention. Available online: https:\/\/petobesityprevention.org\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1940S","article-title":"The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats","volume":"136","author":"German","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.03.013","article-title":"Impact of canine overweight and obesity on health-related quality of life","volume":"127","author":"Yam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105029","article-title":"Understanding obesity among companion dogs: New measures of owner\u2019s beliefs and behaviour and associations with body condition scores","volume":"180","author":"Webb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7120\/096272812X13345905673809","article-title":"Do dog owners perceive the clinical signs related to conformational inherited disorders as \u201cnormal\u201d for the breed?","volume":"21","author":"Packer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"11","article-title":"The effect of a pressure vest (ThunderShirt\u00ae) on the behavior, salivary cortisol and urine oxytocin of noise phobic dogs","volume":"180","author":"Pekkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.06.007","article-title":"The effect of a pressure wrap (ThunderShirt\u00ae) on heart rate and behavior in canines diagnosed with anxiety disorder","volume":"9","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3993\/jfbim00338","article-title":"Virtual clothing display platform based on CLO 3D and evaluation of fit","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fiber Bioeng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40691-023-00354-8","article-title":"Cycling knee brace design analysis using 3D virtual clothing program to assess clothing pressure distribution and variance","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fash. Text."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/0887302X21999314","article-title":"Evaluation of the accuracy and practicability of predicting compression garment pressure using virtual fit technology","volume":"41","author":"Brubacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cloth. Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youn, S., Zhan, S., and Mathur, K. (2024). Advanced virtual fit technology for precision pressure application in medical compression waistbands. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app142210697"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., and Chae, Y. (2025). Efficient representation of garment fit with elastane fibers across yoga poses in 3D fashion design software. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app151910306"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., and Chae, Y. (2025). Analysis of clothing pressure based on material of virtually fitted swimsuits and wearer body type and movement using 3D fashion design software. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334782"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.5805\/KSCI.2012.14.5.846","article-title":"A study on the development of pattern and design for pet dog\u2019s wear","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fash. Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"31","article-title":"A study on consumer consciousness and purchasing tendency on pet fashion products (dog clothes)","volume":"25","author":"Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Korea Fash. Costume Des. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.29049\/rjcc.2010.18.4.599","article-title":"The prototype development of clothing for pet dogs","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. J. Costume Cult."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104946","article-title":"Effects of restrictive and non-restrictive harnesses on shoulder extension in dogs","volume":"184","author":"Lafuente","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(97)00145-7","article-title":"Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to stimuli in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Beerda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600022247","article-title":"Behavioural and hormonal indicators of enduring environmental stress in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Beerda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00192-7","article-title":"An experimental study of the effects of play upon the dog\u2013human relationship","volume":"75","author":"Rooney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-008-0175-y","article-title":"Attention to attention in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) dyadic play","volume":"12","author":"Horowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.04.002","article-title":"A counterbalanced version of Ainsworth\u2019s Strange Situation Procedure reveals secure-base effects in dog\u2013human relationships","volume":"109","author":"Palmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2026, January 15). AKC Dog Breed Popularity Rankings. Available online: https:\/\/www.akc.org\/most-popular-breeds\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2026, January 15). FCI Registration Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.fci.be\/en\/statistics\/."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs","volume":"22","author":"Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canine Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(96)01131-8","article-title":"Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs","volume":"52","author":"Beerda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2021.05.011","article-title":"The influence of three working harnesses on thoracic limb kinematics and stride length at walk in assistance dogs","volume":"45","author":"Knights","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2023.2259796","article-title":"Effect of harness design on the biomechanics of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)","volume":"28","author":"Williams","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1lya, Z., R\u00e1cz, K., Nagym\u00e1t\u00e9, G., and Kiss, R.M. (2022). Development of a detailed canine gait analysis method for evaluating harnesses: A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264299"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/7\/1006\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:41:14Z","timestamp":1774435274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/7\/1006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16071006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16071006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}}}