{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:57:13Z","timestamp":1785427033062,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Support of Technology and Science","award":["5.03.0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5.03.0065"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Criollo horse is prized for its endurance, yet its specific biomechanical signatures remain under-researched. This study investigated diagonal dissociation and support patterns in eleven clinically sound Criollo horses to understand the influence of head and neck position (HNP), surface compliance, and morphometry. Using high-speed video (120 fps) and kinematic analysis, we found that diagonal dissociation occurred in 85.24% of hoof contacts, while HNP1 showed a higher frequency of positive (hindlimb-first) dissociation and HNP2 had a higher incidence of negative (forelimb-first) dissociation (p = 0.0398). On soft ground, both HNPs predominantly exhibited hindlimb-first dissociation (p = 0.0446). Soft ground is also associated with the appearance of tripedal support, whereas hard ground presented more synchronous (non-dissociated) diagonal limb support. Thoracic monopedal and tripedal supports are weakly correlated with forelimb measurements, whereas pelvic monopedal and tripedal supports correlate with global body dimensions. All associations were weak to moderate (R2 \u2264 0.40). The prevalence of dissociated phases and the absence of a standard symmetrical trot suggest a distinct breed signature adapted for functional efficiency and stability required for its traditional working roles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16071043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:57:11Z","timestamp":1774864631000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Head-Neck Position and Ground Surface on Gait Kinematics in Ridden Brazilian Criollo Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8880-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Almeida","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento da Cl\u00ednica e Cirurgia de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5960-3883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Patterson Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Lewyt College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5230-6202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento da Cl\u00ednica e Cirurgia de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9940-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Feil","family":"Dellbrigge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento da Cl\u00ednica e Cirurgia de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4224-8905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weliton Luiz","family":"Marafon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento da Cl\u00ednica e Cirurgia de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5192-341X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia Bisso","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento da Cl\u00ednica e Cirurgia de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6441-2167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caio Henrique","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento da Cl\u00ednica e Cirurgia de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4958-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Desessards","family":"De La C\u00f4rte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento da Cl\u00ednica e Cirurgia de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2022.105153","article-title":"The influence of foreign lineages in the genetic component of reproductive traits in Criollo Argentino mares: A 30-year study","volume":"267","author":"Karlau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Livest. 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