{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T16:12:09Z","timestamp":1774887129842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Fund of the University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest\n              https:\/\/ror.org\/03vayv672","award":["SRF-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRF-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A simple, fast, and cost-effective organic solvent-based protocol was developed for DNA extraction from deer antlers and prepared trophy skulls, eliminating the need for commercial kits or cryogenic grinding. The method combines bead-based mechanical homogenization with a 4 h enzymatic digestion in EDTA buffer containing N-lauryl sarcosine and Proteinase K, followed by phenol\u2013chloroform\u2013isoamyl alcohol purification and centrifugal filtration. DNA quality and quantity were evaluated using agarose gel electrophoresis, Qubit fluorometry, and Nanodrop spectrophotometry. The protocol was tested on 60 samples, comprising 30 antlers and 30 pedicle parts from prepared trophy skulls of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), and red deer (Cervus elaphus). To assess suitability for downstream applications, species-specific microsatellite markers were amplified using multiplex PCR, successfully generating complete genotypes from all 60 samples. These results, along with a demonstrated case study, confirm that the developed protocol provides high-quality DNA suitable for molecular genetic investigations, enabling reliable genotyping from small amounts of both antler and processed trophy materials in forensic and conservation contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16071056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:20:47Z","timestamp":1774884047000},"page":"1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Simplified and Efficient Protocol for DNA Isolation from Deer Antlers and Prepared Trophy Skulls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0211-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter","family":"L\u0151rincz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, Mosonyi u. 9, H-1087 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lajos","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00e1szt\u00f3 District Office of the N\u00f3gr\u00e1d County Government Office, K\u00f6lcsey u. 35, H-3060 Paszto, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-6146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Bleier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Management Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Kossuth Lajos t\u00e9r 11, H-1055 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5904-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Maros\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exotic Animal-, Wildlife-, Fish- and Honeybee Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Water Management and Natural Ecosystems, Albert K\u00e1zm\u00e9r Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, V\u00e1r Square 2, H-9200 Mosonmagyar\u00f3v\u00e1r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6163-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsombor","family":"Wagenhoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6299-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orsolya K.","family":"Zork\u00f3czy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0650-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Zenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1992.tb07495.x","article-title":"Biology of Antlers","volume":"226","author":"Lincoln","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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