{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T15:25:25Z","timestamp":1774970725034,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2024NSFSC1283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC1283"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Minzu University Research Startup Funds","award":["RQD2023035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RQD2023035"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund of the International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology","award":["2025IJRCNAI12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025IJRCNAI12"]}]},{"name":"Program Sichuan Veterinary Medicine and Drug Innovation Group of China Agricultural Research System","award":["SCCXTD-2024-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCCXTD-2024-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a major feline pathogen, but canine-derived FPV variants have recently been identified. Here, we compared the pathogenicity of a canine-derived FPV strain in cats with that of a lethal feline-derived FPV strain and evaluated the evolutionary significance of its NS1 mutations. Kittens infected with the canine-derived strain developed only mild, self-limiting diarrhea without fever or mortality, whereas those infected with the feline-derived strain developed severe disease and reached humane endpoints by 9 dpi. The canine-derived strain caused prolonged fecal shedding from 6 to 38 dpi but only low tissue viral loads (101\u2013103 copies\/g), while the feline-derived strain reached markedly higher loads (103\u2013106 copies\/g), particularly in the ileum, jejunum, and lungs. Viral DNA levels in the lungs, ileum, caecum, and rectum were significantly higher in the feline-derived group. Sequence analysis identified four NS1 mutations, 115I, 132L, 247Q, and 595Q, which showed stepwise evolutionary accumulation and signatures of positive selection. These findings indicate that canine-derived FPV retains infectivity in cats but exhibits attenuated pathogenicity and reduced replication fitness, highlighting NS1 as a potential determinant of host adaptation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16071061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T13:23:17Z","timestamp":1774963397000},"page":"1061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogenicity of a Canine-Derived Feline Panleukopenia Virus in Cats and NS1 Evolution Associated with Adaptation to Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Education Department, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Education Department, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Education Department, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Education Department, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menghua","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Education Department, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingting","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding 626000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8413-7260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Education Department, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Education Department, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Education Department, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.027","article-title":"Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases","volume":"201","author":"Stuetzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, S.J., Xin, G.Y., Wu, W.C., and Shi, M. (2023). Genetic diversity and evolution of viruses infecting Felis catus: A global perspective. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061338"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2913","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14641","article-title":"Circulation of heterogeneous Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 in diarrheal cats and prevalence of an A91S feline panleukopenia virus variant in China","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101765","article-title":"Canine parvovirology\u2014A brief updated review on structural biology, occurrence, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"82","author":"Tuteja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13015","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01703-07","article-title":"Replication initiator protein NS1 of the parvovirus minute virus of mice binds to modular divergent sites distributed throughout duplex viral DNA","volume":"81","author":"Cotmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.002","article-title":"Induction and suppression of type I interferon responses by mink enteritis virus in CRFK cells","volume":"199","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009324","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00093-24","article-title":"Novel mutation N588 residue in the NS1 protein of feline parvovirus greatly augments viral replication","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02221-09","article-title":"Effect of ATP binding and hydrolysis on dynamics of canine parvovirus NS1","volume":"84","author":"Niskanen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11762","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01678-13","article-title":"Mutations in DNA binding and transactivation domains affect the dynamics of parvovirus NS1 protein","volume":"87","author":"Niskanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.006","article-title":"Feline panleukopenia: A re-emergent disease","volume":"49","author":"Barrs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safwat, M.S., Xi, C., El-Sayed M, S., Anwer, A.Z., Ali, M.E., Abdallah, E.S.A., Amer, H.M., Saeed, O.S., Khalil, G.M., and Abdelhaleem, S.W. (2025). Emergence, surge, and fading of the novel feline parvovirus Thr390Ala mutant in Egyptian cats during 2023: Insights from a comprehensive full-length VP2 genetic analysis. BMC Vet. Res, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05004-3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Q., Sun, Z., Xue, X., Pan, Y., Zhen, S., Liu, Y., Zhan, J., Jiang, L., Zhang, J., and Zhu, H. (2024). China-origin G1 group isolate FPV072 exhibits higher infectivity and pathogenicity than G2 group isolate FPV027. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1328244"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhang, W., Pan, Y., Li, H., He, T., Dong, Q., Song, W., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., and Kareem, K. (2024). Evolutionary dynamics and pathogenicity analysis of feline panleukopenia virus in Xin-jiang, China. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112205"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(03)00083-3","article-title":"Parvovirus host range, cell tropism and evolution","volume":"6","author":"Hueffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109473","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of a feline parvovirus-like virus in dogs in China","volume":"270","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10099","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.18.10099-10105.2003","article-title":"Combinations of two capsid regions controlling canine host range determine canine transferrin receptor binding by canine and feline parvoviruses","volume":"77","author":"Hueffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.12.6858-6867.1992","article-title":"Multiple amino acids in the capsid structure of canine parvovirus coordinately determine the canine host range and specific antigenic and hemagglutination properties","volume":"66","author":"Chang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.9.5399-5408.1992","article-title":"Canine and feline host ranges of canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus: Distinct host cell tropisms of each virus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"66","author":"Truyen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172307","article-title":"Global distribution, cross-species transmission, and receptor binding of canine parvovirus-2: Risks and implications for humans","volume":"930","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-0958-y","article-title":"Molecular analysis of partial VP-2 gene amplified from rectal swab samples of diarrheic dogs in Pakistan confirms the circulation of canine parvovirus genetic variant CPV-2a and detects sequences of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.245-255","article-title":"Dynamic evolution of canine parvovirus in Thailand","volume":"13","author":"Inthong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9752","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9752","article-title":"Genetic characterization of feline panleukopenia virus from dogs in Vietnam reveals a unique Thr101 mutation in VP2","volume":"8","author":"Hoang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., Zhang, X., Zhu, J., Liao, L., and Bao, E. (2021). Molecular epidemiological survey of canine parvovirus circulating in China from 2014 to 2019. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050588"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2809.220388","article-title":"Feline panleukopenia virus in dogs from Italy and Egypt","volume":"28","author":"Diakoudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2560","article-title":"Pathogenicity and genomic characteristics of feline panleukopenia virus A91S variant in cats","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Zootech. Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.06.007","article-title":"Development of a SYBR Green based real-time PCR assay for detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus in faecal samples","volume":"169","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/7\/1061\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T13:45:31Z","timestamp":1774964731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/7\/1061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16071061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16071061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}}}