{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:05:44Z","timestamp":1784304344606,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["C2024204143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2024204143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hebei Agriculture Research System","award":["HBCT2024290202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBCT2024290202"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology for the key unit of Academician Cooperation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are increasingly used as functional feed additives in aquaculture. This study evaluated the effects of dietary Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation on growth performance, hepatic biochemical status, lipid-related indices, antioxidant status, and immune-related responses in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). A total of 1620 juveniles (initial body weight 8.11 \u00b1 0.23 g) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments for 10 weeks: a control diet (CON) and diets supplemented with 500 mg\/kg (LAB1) or 1000 mg\/kg (LAB2) LAB (three replicate tanks per treatment). Compared with CON, LAB supplementation improved growth performance, with LAB2 showing significantly higher final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate. LAB altered hepatic function-related indices and reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation, as indicated by lower malondialdehyde (MDA). Hepatic lipid-related indices were also modulated, with LAB2 showing reduced total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triacylglycerol (TG), and total bile acid (TBA), together with increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Serum immune indices showed non-linear responses, with C3, C4, and IgM increasing in LAB1 but decreasing in LAB2, whereas lysozyme showed an overall decreasing trend. qPCR analysis showed that LAB supplementation upregulated hepatic IGF-I and TGF-\u03b21 expression, downregulated IL-8, TNF-\u03b1, and G6PD expression, and reduced FAS expression at the higher dose. Overall, dietary L. plantarum at 500\u20131000 mg\/kg improved growth performance and was associated with changes in hepatic lipid-related indices, oxidative status, and immune-related responses in tongue sole. These results support further evaluation of L. plantarum as a functional feed additive in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16071068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1775030914000},"page":"1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary Lactobacillus plantarum Supplementation Improves Growth and Modulates Hepatic and Immune-Related Responses in Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zipu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Regulation and Disease Control for Aquaculture, Ocean College, Hebei Agriculture University, Qinhuangdao 066003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haien","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tangshan Haidu Seafood Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063506, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fishery Research Institute, Tangshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tangshan 063001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tangshan Haidu Seafood Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063506, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4815-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tangshan Haidu Seafood Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063506, China"},{"name":"Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaotong","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Regulation and Disease Control for Aquaculture, Ocean College, Hebei Agriculture University, Qinhuangdao 066003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Regulation and Disease Control for Aquaculture, Ocean College, Hebei Agriculture University, Qinhuangdao 066003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734302","article-title":"Single or conjoint application of autochthonous Bacillus strains as potential probiotics: Effects on growth, feed utilization, immunity and disease resistance in Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)","volume":"512","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010814-015646","article-title":"Infectious diseases affect marine fisheries and aquaculture economics","volume":"7","author":"Lafferty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11908","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03996","article-title":"Antibiotics and food safety in aquaculture","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12511","article-title":"A global analysis on the systemic effects of antibiotics in cultured fish and their potential human health risk: A review","volume":"13","author":"Limbu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3876","article-title":"Occurrence and human dietary assessment of fluoroquinolones antibiotics in cultured fish around Tai Lake, China","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-8191-8","article-title":"Water environments: Metal-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria","volume":"192","author":"Squadrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5432497","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5432497","article-title":"Maintenance of fish health in aquaculture: Review of epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of infectious disease of fish","volume":"2018","author":"Assefa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"41","article-title":"Antimicrobial agents in aquaculture: Practice, needs and issues","volume":"86","author":"Rodgers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Options M\u00e9diterr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2019.1597010","article-title":"Genus Bacillus, promising probiotics in aquaculture: Aquatic animal origin, bio-active components, bioremediation and efficacy in fish and shellfish","volume":"27","author":"Soltani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Sci. Aquacult."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.01.064","article-title":"Dietary Lactobacillus plantarum affected on some immune parameters, air-exposure stress response, intestinal microbiota, digestive enzyme activity and performance of narrow clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus, Eschscholtz)","volume":"504","author":"Valipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03755-5","article-title":"Bacterial diseases in marine fish species: Current trends and future prospects in disease management","volume":"39","author":"Hegde","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"583","article-title":"Research progress on synergistic effect of Chinese herbal medicine and probiotics in aquaculture: A review","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dalian Fish. Univ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-022-00841-7","article-title":"Medicinal herbs and phytochemicals to combat pathogens in aquaculture","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12886","article-title":"The use of probiotics in aquaculture","volume":"119","author":"Hai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.04.029","article-title":"Potential Bacillus probiotics enhance bacterial numbers, water quality and growth during early development of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"159","author":"Nimrat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.10.026","article-title":"Dietary Lactobacillus acidophilus modulated skin mucus protein profile, immune and appetite genes expression in gold fish (Carassius auratus gibelio)","volume":"59","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2007.0544","article-title":"Probiotics: Delineation of prophylactic and therapeutic benefits","volume":"12","author":"Kaur","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-2906.2006.01152.x","article-title":"Growth, stress tolerance and non-specific immune response of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus to probiotics in a closed recirculating system","volume":"72","author":"Taoka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.01.024","article-title":"Cytokine responses in the Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) head kidney cells induced with heat-killed probiotics isolated from the Mongolian dairy products","volume":"34","author":"Biswas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1051\/alr\/2022011","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics in sustainable development of aquaculture","volume":"35","author":"Chizhayeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquat. Living Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.12.037","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics improved the functionality of aquafeed: Upgrading growth, reproduction, immunity and disease resistance in fish","volume":"120","author":"Rohani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.09.008","article-title":"Lactococcus lactis BFE920 activates the innate immune system of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), resulting in protection against Streptococcus iniae infection and enhancing feed efficiency and weight gain in large-scale field studies","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2008.10.008","article-title":"Early treatment with Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain induces an increase in intestinal T-cells and granulocytes and modulates immune-related genes of larval Dicentrarchus labrax (L.)","volume":"26","author":"Picchietti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.11.003","article-title":"Screening of intestinal probiotics and the effects of feeding probiotics on the growth, immune, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal flora of Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"86","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2019.01.009","article-title":"Enhanced mucosal immune responses, immune related genes and growth performance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles fed dietary Pediococcus acidilactici MA18\/5M and raffinose","volume":"94","author":"Hoseinifar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.03.020","article-title":"Effects of dietary Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM1136 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM5805 on the growth, intestinal microbiota, morphology, immune response and disease resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"76","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.10.035","article-title":"The effects of combined dietary probiotics Lactococcus lactis BFE920 and Lactobacillus plantarum FGL0001 on innate immunity and disease resistance in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"42","author":"Beck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-018-0556-3","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of selenium nanoparticles modulated systemic and mucosal immune status and stress resistance of red sea bream (Pagrus major)","volume":"45","author":"Dawood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.10.013","article-title":"Combined administration of low molecular weight sodium alginate boosted immunomodulatory, disease resistance and growth enhancing effects of Lactobacillus plantarum in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"58","author":"Doan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734866","article-title":"Out-of-season artificial reproduction techniques of cultured female tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis): Broodstock management, administration methods of hormone therapy and artificial fertilization","volume":"518","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gui, J., Tang, Q., Li, Z., Liu, J., and De Silva, S.S. (2018). Flatfish farming. Aquaculture in China, InTech.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119120759"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2020.10.006","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, survival, immune response, antioxidant capacity and digestive enzyme activity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Fish."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.10.030","article-title":"Cloning, expression profile, and immune characterization of a novel stat5bl in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)","volume":"84","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394Ct method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6619","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on diarrhea and intestinal barrier function of young piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, E.A.H., Ahmed, A.E.M., Kov\u00e1cs, B., and P\u00e1l, K. (2025). The significance of probiotics in aquaculture: A review of research trend and latest scientific findings. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030242"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.12.047","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus or\/and Lactococcus lactis on the growth, gut microbiota and immune responses of red sea bream (Pagrus major)","volume":"49","author":"Dawood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735852","article-title":"The positive effects of single or conjoint administration of lactic acid bacteria on Channa argus: Digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, intestinal microbiota and morphology","volume":"531","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.03.041","article-title":"Dietary prebiotics and probiotics influence growth performance, nutrient digestibility and the expression of immune regulatory genes in snakehead (Channa striata) fingerlings","volume":"460","author":"Munir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13314","article-title":"Modulation of growth, skin mucus and serum immunities, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia fed host-associated probiotic (Lactobacillus paracasei L61-27b)","volume":"27","author":"Lumsangkul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2011.00894.x","article-title":"Effect of Lactococcus lactis and Enterococcus faecium on growth performance, digestive enzymes and immune response of grouper Epinephelus coioides","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2022.101081","article-title":"Effects of herbal extracts (Foeniculum vulgare and Artemisia annua) on growth, liver antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology and microorganism of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquacult. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-0909-x","article-title":"Glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione conjugates, complementary markers of oxidative stress in aquatic biota","volume":"19","author":"Hellou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S.S., Stone, E.F., Francis, R.O., and Karafin, M.S. (2024). The global role of G6PD in infection and immunity. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1393213"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"18","article-title":"Application of lactic acid bacteria in the growth of aquatic animals","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Breed. Feed"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.44774","article-title":"Bile acids mediated potential functional interaction between FXR and FATP5 in the regulation of lipid metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Kumari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ME22044","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME22044","article-title":"Characterization of lactic acid bacteria from fermented fish (pla-paeng-daeng) and their cholesterol-lowering and immunomodulatory effects","volume":"38","author":"Kingkaew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-013-0262-5","article-title":"The effect of the severity of liver cirrhosis on the level of lipids and lipoproteins","volume":"14","author":"Chrostek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574416628654","article-title":"Dyslipidemia Part 1\u2014Review of lipid metabolism and vascular cell physiology","volume":"50","author":"Helkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.12.054","article-title":"Modulation of transcriptomic profile in aquatic animals: Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics scenarios","volume":"97","author":"Dawood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2012.03.004","article-title":"The binding spectra of carp C3 isotypes against natural targets independent of the binding specificity of their thioester","volume":"38","author":"Ichiki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Zhao, Y., Liu, H., Cao, Q., Feng, L., Zhang, Z., Jiang, W., Wu, P., Liu, Y., and Luo, W. (2023). Dietary leucine improves fish intestinal barrier function by increasing humoral immunity, antioxidant capacity, and tight junction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054716"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paritova, A., Nurgaliyev, A., Nurgaliyeva, G., Abekeshev, N., Abuova, A., Zakirova, F., Zwierzchowski, G., Kuanchaleyev, Z., Issabekova, S., and Kizatova, M. (2024). The dietary effects of two strain probiotics (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis) on growth performance, immune response and gut microbiota in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312580"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-022-00969-6","article-title":"Effects of single or conjoint administration of lactic acid bacteria as potential probiotics on the growth, immune responses, and disease resistance of Carassius auratus","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2010.06.017","article-title":"Aloe vera oral administration accelerates acute radiation-delayed wound healing by stimulating transforming growth factor-\u03b2 and fibroblast growth factor production","volume":"201","author":"Atiba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01764-w","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in health, disease and therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"69","article-title":"Effects of lactic acid bacteria on growth, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of Micropterus salmoides","volume":"24","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Feed Ind."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/7\/1068\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:19:56Z","timestamp":1775189996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/7\/1068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16071068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16071068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}