{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:30:09Z","timestamp":1785407409139,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2am276","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the in vitro replication kinetics and molecular characteristics of five field isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) representing subgenotypes 1b, 1d, and 1f, currently circulating in Hungary. We compared cytopathogenic (cp) and non-cytopathogenic (ncp) biotype pairs using digital PCR (dPCR) and virus titration. While dPCR showed higher genome copy numbers for cp isolates, virus titration revealed comparable or lower infectious titers, suggesting the accumulation of replication-incompetent viral particles during the infection cycle. Molecular analysis identified (novel) amino acid substitutions in Npro, capsid, and NS4B regions, although typical large-scale genome rearrangements were absent. These findings demonstrate that biotype differences are molecularly complex and subgenotype-dependent. Our results emphasize that relying on a few genetic markers is insufficient for biotype categorization, necessitating comprehensive characterization in BVDV surveillance programs. This complexity must be considered when designing vaccines or control programs, especially in regions with diverse circulating strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16071106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:19:32Z","timestamp":1775434772000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular and Replication Dynamic Profiling of Regionally Important Pestivirus bovis Subgenotypes from Hungary"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7839-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Kiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter","family":"Kaszab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Bali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0093-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e1ta","family":"Varga-Kugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Callison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NGS & Bioinformatics Platform, Ceva Animal Health, Shawnee, KS 66215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek E.","family":"Moormeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NGS & Bioinformatics Platform, Ceva Animal Health, Shawnee, KS 66215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Cubas-Gaona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Innovation R&D, BIOGENOVAC-CEVA Beaucouz\u00e9 Campus, 49070 Beaucouz\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2473-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zal\u00e1n","family":"Homonnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"B\u00e1nyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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