{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:46:06Z","timestamp":1775666766193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Subsecretary of Aquaculture of the Government of Ecuador","award":["133600000.864.423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["133600000.864.423"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A protozoa leads a rapid onset of symptoms, with high mortality rates in the rearing of the planktotrophic larvae of the tropical holothurian Isostichopus fuscus for aquaculture. This study aimed to determine the effect of temperature on the infection parameters and the larvae size with\/without parasites in its five development stages: T1\u2013EA (250\u2013300 \u03bcm), T2\u2013MA-I (300\u2013600 \u03bcm), T3\u2013MA-II (600\u2013900 \u03bcm), T4\u2013A (1.1\u20131.3 mm), and T5\u2013LA (\u2248500 \u03bcm). Eight 500 L conical tanks with filtered and UV-sterilized seawater with 0.2 larvae mL\u22121 under two temperature treatments (low: 23.0 \u00b1 2.5 \u00b0C, high: 27.0 \u00b1 0.5 \u00b0C). Thirty larvae per replicate at intervals of 4\u20135 days were sampled until day 25. A total of 1200 larvae were examined, and a total of 21,715 parasites were counted. A total of 97% of parasites were found under low temperature conditions. The DSI and survival significantly varied in relation to the temperature and time. The highest prevalence and intensity, 62.5 \u00b1 5.7% and 130.5 \u00b1 13.0, respectively, were observed at T4 at low temperature. At 18 d, larvae without parasites were larger (1494.1 \u00b1 52.2 \u03bcm) than larvae with parasites (1237.7 \u00b1 24.4 \u03bcm, p &lt; 0.05) at 25 d. These findings suggest that elevated temperature functions as a key regulator in mitigating parasitic infections in auricularia larvae of I. fuscus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16081133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:26:39Z","timestamp":1775661999000},"page":"1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temperature Effect on Parasitism in Auricularia Larva of the Sea Cucumber Isostichopus fuscus: Implications for Aquaculturing and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jorge I.","family":"Sonnenholzner-Varas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Acuicultura, Pesca y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Acuicultura y Ciencias del Mar, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed, Bah\u00eda de Car\u00e1quez, Manab\u00ed 130104, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Panchana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral (ESPOL), 30.5, V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil 90902, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6586-5975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Searcy-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 3917, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53205-5","article-title":"Sea cucumbers and their symbiotic microbiome have evolved to feed on seabed sediments","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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