{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:36:52Z","timestamp":1785411412802,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32472938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32160803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32472938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472938"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32160803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160803"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Publicly Recruited Doctoral Research Startup Fund Project at Gansu Agricultural University","award":["GAU-KYQD-2024-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAU-KYQD-2024-07"]}]},{"name":"Key Talent Project of Gansu Province","award":["2024RCXM60"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RCXM60"]}]},{"name":"Longyuan Youth Talent Special Support Program of Gansu Province"},{"name":"Discipline Team Project at Gansu Agricultural University","award":["GAU-XKTD-2022-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAU-XKTD-2022-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research explored how dietary supplementation of calcium nitrate influences methane emissions, nitrogen excretion, ruminal fermentation parameters, and microbiota in Liuyang black goats. A total of twelve male goats from this breed were divided into two groups: one serving as a control group (CON), while the other received a treatment of 3% calcium nitrate (CAL). The research was conducted over a period of 40 days and comprised two separate trial phases. A 10-day adaptation period and a 5-day sampling period (days 11\u201315) for each stage. Results showed that incorporating calcium nitrate significantly reduced the emissions of methane (CH4) (p &lt; 0.05) and carbon dioxide (CO2) (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the use of calcium nitrate modified the trends in ruminal fermentation, resulting in an increase in pH (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) was notably reduced in the CAL group (p &lt; 0.05), indicating a shift toward enhanced production of propionate. At the microbial level, an increased presence of Bacteroidota and Prevotella was observed in the CAL group (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, the CON group exhibited elevated levels of Firmicutes and Methanobrevibacter (p &lt; 0.05). This finding suggests that calcium nitrate plays a significant role in reducing methane emissions and also affects the fermentation processes in the rumen along with the microbiota of Liuyang black goats. Further research is needed to examine the long-term implications of calcium nitrate supplementation on the health and productivity of these goats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16081150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T07:55:12Z","timestamp":1775807712000},"page":"1150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Dietary Calcium Nitrate Addition on Methane Emission, Nitrogen Excretion, and Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Microbiota in Liuyang Black Goats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mingming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9858-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Husbandry Station of Beijing, Beijing 100107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baicong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Husbandry Station of Beijing, Beijing 100107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanfang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5433","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22906","article-title":"Effect of nitrate supplementation, dietary protein supply, and genetic yield index on performance, methane emission, and nitrogen efficiency in dairy cows","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.202000473","article-title":"Soil methane (CH4) fluxes in cropland with permanent pasture and riparian buffer strips with different vegetation","volume":"185","author":"Dlamini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11066-3","article-title":"Revisiting enteric methane emissions from domestic ruminants and their \u03b413CCH4 source signature","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, M., McCarl, B., and Fei, C. (2022). Climate change and livestock production: A literature review. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13010140"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1491","article-title":"The use of plant by-products as non-conventional feedstuff for livestock feeding with reference to rumen methanogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Jafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114360","article-title":"Replacing urea with nitrate as a non-protein nitrogen source increases lambs\u2019 growth and reduces methane production, whereas acacia tannin has no effect","volume":"259","author":"Adejoro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1071\/AN20295","article-title":"Feed additives as a strategic approach to reduce enteric methane production in cattle: Modes of action, effectiveness and safety","volume":"62","author":"Honan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas-2014-069","article-title":"A review of feeding supplementary nitrate to ruminant animals: Nitrate toxicity, methane emissions, and production performance","volume":"94","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118002252","article-title":"Review: Alternative and novel feeds for ruminants: Nutritive value, product quality and environmental aspects","volume":"12","author":"Rinne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1071\/AN11254","article-title":"An initial investigation on rumen fermentation pattern and methane emission of sheep offered diets containing urea or nitrate as the nitrogen source","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504124112","article-title":"An inhibitor persistently decreased enteric methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production","volume":"112","author":"Hristov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2021). Nutritional Requirements of Mutton (Standard No. NY\/T816-2021)."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2025.116464","article-title":"Mannan oligosaccharides reduce the carbon footprint by decreasing methane emission and nitrogen excretion in Xiangdong black goats","volume":"328","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.04.009","article-title":"Effects of elemental magnesium and magnesium oxide on hydrogen, methane and volatile fatty acids production in in vitro rumen batch cultures","volume":"252","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"AOAC International (2012). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, Oxford University Press. [18th ed]."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"83","article-title":"Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Soest","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"National Research Council (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(80)82888-8","article-title":"Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media","volume":"63","author":"Broderick","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2024.116175","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus subtilis addition to milk replacer on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal crobiota, and short-chain fatty acid concentration of Hu lambs","volume":"319","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, L., Li, Y., Srivathsan, A., Gao, Y., Li, K., Hu, D., and Zhang, D. (2020). Gut microbiomes of endangered przewalski\u2019s horse populations in short- and long-term captivity: Implication for species reintroduction based on the soft-release strategy. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00363"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.048","article-title":"Heavy metal exposure causes changes in the metabolic health-associated gut microbiome and metabolites","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13","article-title":"Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the miseq illumina sequencing platform","volume":"79","author":"Kozich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"Flash: Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Magoc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"Qiime allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"Vsearch: A versatile open source tool for metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Yu, Y., Li, X., Xiao, H., Zhang, P., Shen, W., Wan, F., He, J., Tang, S., and Tan, Z. (2021). Fermented soybean meal replacement in the diet of lactating holstein dairy cows: Modulated rumen fermentation and ruminal microflora. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.625857"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Elekwachi, C., Jiao, J., Wang, M., Tang, S., Zhou, C., Tan, Z., and Forster, R.J. (2017). Changes in metabolically active bacterial community during rumen development, and their alteration by rhubarb root powder revealed by 16s rrna amplicon sequencing. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00159"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.019","article-title":"Impact of saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii cncmi-1079 and lactobacillus acidophilus bt1386 on total lactobacilli population in the gastrointestinal tract and colon histomorphology of holstein dairy calves","volume":"234","author":"Fomenky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv287","article-title":"Tax4fun: Predicting functional profiles from metagenomic 16s rrna data","volume":"31","author":"Abhauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bionformatics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky452","article-title":"Effects of lespedeza condensed tannins alone or with monensin, soybean oil, and coconut oil on feed intake, growth, digestion, ruminal methane emission, and heat energy by yearling alpine doelings","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anima Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0464-2","article-title":"Diverse hydrogen production and consumption pathways influence methane production in ruminants","volume":"13","author":"Greening","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhao, S., Meng, Z., Gao, Y., Miao, J., Mao, S., and Jin, W. (2023). Effects of fumarate and nitroglycerin on in vitro rumen fermentation, methane and hydrogen production, and on microbiota. Biology, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12071011"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6191","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10691","article-title":"Effect of dietary nitrate level on enteric methane production, hydrogen emission, rumen fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"Olijhoek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veneman, J.B., Muetzel, S., Hart, K.J., Faulkner, C.L., Moorby, J.M., Perdok, H.B., and Newbold, C.J. (2015). Does dietary mitigation of enteric methane production affect rumen function and animal productivity in dairy cows?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140282"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12307","article-title":"Effects of nitrate addition to a diet on fermentation and microbial populations in the rumen of goats, with special reference to selenomonas ruminantium having the ability to reduce nitrate and nitrite","volume":"86","author":"Asanuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6144","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16008","article-title":"Potential roles of nitrate and live yeast culture in suppressing methane emission and influencing ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and milk production in lactating jersey cows","volume":"102","author":"Meller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114293","article-title":"Effect of replacing soybean meal with urea or encapsulated nitrate with or without elemental sulfur on nitrogen digestion and methane emissions in feedlot cattle","volume":"257","author":"Rebelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Techol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5856","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3281","article-title":"Nitrate and sulfate: Effective alternative hydrogen sinks for mitigation of ruminal methane production in sheep","volume":"93","author":"Gerrits","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyyedsalehi, M.S., Mohebbi, E., Tourang, F., Sasanfar, B., Boffetta, P., and Zendehdel, K. (2023). Association of dietary nitrate, nitrite, and n-nitroso compounds intake and gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020190"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5239","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10574","article-title":"Effect of ammonium and nitrate supplies on nitrogen and sucrose metabolism of cabernet sauvignon","volume":"100","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2022.115437","article-title":"Effects of nitrate sources on in vitro methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters in diets differing in starch degradability","volume":"292","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1071\/AN18633","article-title":"Use of different carbohydrate sources associated with urea and implications for in vitro fermentation and rumen microbial populations","volume":"60","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.03.014","article-title":"The macronuclear genome of anaerobic ciliate entodinium caudatum reveals its biological features adapted to the distinct rumen environment","volume":"113","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Z., Liu, J., and Wang, L. (2024). Factors affecting the rumen fluid foaming performance in goat fed high concentrate diet. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1299404"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bokharaeian, M., Ghoorchi, T., Toghdory, A., and Esfahani, I.J. (2023). The dose-dependent role of sage, clove, and pine essential oils in modulating ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids: A promising strategy to reduce methane emissions and enhance the nutritional profile of ruminant products. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132011605"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1438","article-title":"Effects of different sources of nitrogen on performance, relative population of rumen microorganisms, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters in male feedlotting lambs","volume":"14","author":"Alipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ungerfeld, E.M., Aedo, M.F., Mart\u00ednez, E.D., and Saldivia, M. (2019). Inhibiting methanogenesis in rumen batch cultures did not increase the recovery of metabolic hydrogen in microbial amino acids. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050115"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, F.U., Guo, Y., Li, M., Tang, Z., Peng, L., Liang, X., and Yang, C. (2021). Effect of methionine supplementation on rumen microbiota, fermentation, and amino acid metabolism in in vitro cultures containing nitrate. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081717"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Stevens, M.J.A., Neuenschwander, S., Schwarm, A., Kreuzer, M., Bratus-Neuenschwander, A., and Zeitz, J.O. (2018). The transcriptome response of the ruminal methanogen methanobrevibacter ruminantium strain m1 to the inhibitor lauric acid. BMC Res. Notes, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3242-8"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/103.10.1406","article-title":"Influence of dietary nitrogen source, concentrate level and biuret level in sheep on the adaptation of rumen microorganisms to biuret as a nonprotein nitrogen source","volume":"103","author":"Clemens","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12819","article-title":"Effects of garlic oil, nitrate, saponin and their combinations supplemented to different substrates on in vitro fermentation, ruminal methanogenesis, and abundance and diversity of microbial populations","volume":"119","author":"Patra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15526","article-title":"Dose-response effect of nitrate on hydrogen distribution between rumen fermentation end products: An in vitro approach","volume":"56","author":"Guyader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyader, J., Ungerfeld, E.M., and Beauchemin, K.A. (2017). Redirection of metabolic hydrogen by inhibiting methanogenesis in the rumen simulation technique (rusitec). Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00393"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13365","article-title":"Dietary nitrate and presence of protozoa increase nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen of sheep","volume":"104","author":"Villar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.6351624x","article-title":"Starch digestion and utilization in ruminants","volume":"63","author":"Orskov","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0460","article-title":"Temperature characteristics of methanogenic archaea and acetogenic bacteria isolated from cold environments","volume":"44","author":"Nozhevnikova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11375","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18541","article-title":"Antimethanogenic effects of nitrate supplementation in cattle: A meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Effects of nitrate addition on rumen fermentation, bacterial biodiversity and abundance","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky404.980","article-title":"98 effect of slow release nitrate and essential oil on animal performance and methane emissions from feedlot cattle fed high-grain finishing diets","volume":"96","author":"Alemu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8688","article-title":"Effectiveness of nitrate addition and increased oil content as methane mitigation strategies for beef cattle fed two contrasting basal diets","volume":"93","author":"Troy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaf109","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf109","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of nitrate on enteric methane production, performance, and rumen microbiome of hanwoo steers","volume":"103","author":"Bharanidharan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2081","article-title":"Ruminants, climate change and climate policy","volume":"4","author":"Ripple","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19880037","article-title":"Effect of nitrate and its reduction products on the growth and activity of the rumen microbial population","volume":"59","author":"Marais","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.10.013","article-title":"Effects of nitrate on methane production, fermentation, and microbial populations in in vitro ruminal cultures","volume":"103","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110000546","article-title":"Microbial ecosystem and methanogenesis in ruminants","volume":"4","author":"Morgavi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.2002.0428","article-title":"Ability of selenomonas ruminantium, veillonella parvula, and wolinella succinogenes to reduce nitrate and nitrite with special reference to the suppression of ruminal methanogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1071\/AN09211","article-title":"Effects of dietary nitrate on fermentation, methane production and digesta kinetics in sheep","volume":"50","author":"Nolan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.12.099","article-title":"Combinations of nitrate, saponin, and sulfate additively reduce methane production by rumen cultures in vitro while not adversely affecting feed digestion, fermentation or microbial communities","volume":"155","author":"Patra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/8\/1150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T04:10:59Z","timestamp":1775967059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/8\/1150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16081150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16081150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]}}}