{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:35:03Z","timestamp":1785429303591,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32272889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32272889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272889"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Chongqing Graduate Student Research Innovation Project","award":["CYB240138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYB240138"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of low-protein (LP) diets and their associated nutritional interventions on growth performance and intestinal health in weaned piglets through a meta-analysis. Following the PRISMA guidelines, 21 studies were selected from an initial set of 1720 to construct a database. A random-effects model was employed to assess the growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets, comparing LP diet with control diet, and LP diet + additive with LP diet alone. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, and its sources along with publication bias were explored through meta-regression, subgroup analysis, and Egger\u2019s linear regression. The results show that LP diets (crude protein &lt; 18%) reduced final body weight (p &lt; 0.001), average daily gain (p &lt; 0.001), and gain-to-feed ratio (p &lt; 0.001) of weaned piglets. Additionally, forest plot data show that LP diet (crude protein &lt; 18%) decreased villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum of weaned piglets (p &lt; 0.05). To mitigate these adverse effects, plant extracts, amino acids (AAs), fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes, and carbohydrates are commonly used as additives. Among these, the results show that LP diets supplemented with AAs and plant extracts increased average daily feed intake (p &lt; 0.001) and ileal crypt depth (p &lt; 0.05). Network meta-analysis further identified AAs and plant extracts as the most effective additives for improving growth performance of weaned piglets. In conclusion, dietary protein levels below 18% negatively affect the growth performance of weaned piglets, and supplementation with AAs or plant extracts represents a promising strategy to counteract these adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16081157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:08:12Z","timestamp":1775812092000},"page":"1157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disadvantages of the Use of Low-Protein Diets in Weaned Piglets and Nutritional Interventions: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jingchun","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Animal Nutrition and Bio-Feed, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6251-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Animal Nutrition and Bio-Feed, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Animal Nutrition and Bio-Feed, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Animal Nutrition and Bio-Feed, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8077-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yetong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Animal Nutrition and Bio-Feed, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Animal Nutrition and Bio-Feed, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2023.100716","article-title":"Challenges facing sustainable protein production: Opportunities for cereals","volume":"4","author":"Safdar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2021.e49","article-title":"Effect of low protein diets added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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