{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T09:23:25Z","timestamp":1776158605103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gansu Provincial Key Research and Development Program Fund Project","award":["26YFNA028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26YFNA028"]}]},{"name":"East-West Cooperation in Science and Technology Special Program","award":["26CXNA054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26CXNA054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine mastitis is a common inflammatory disease that can progress to mammary fibrosis, thereby impairing udder health, milk yield, and milk quality. This study investigated the protective effects of palmatine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT) in bovine mammary epithelial cells and mammary fibrosis in mice, as well as the underlying mechanisms. In vitro, palmatine markedly reversed LPS-induced EMT by increasing E-cadherin expression and decreasing N-cadherin and \u03b1-SMA expression. In vivo, palmatine alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen deposition in mammary tissue and reduced the expression of TGF-\u03b21, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, p-p65, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6. These findings suggest that palmatine alleviates LPS-induced mammary fibrosis, possibly through inhibition of the NF-\u03baB\/TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway, and may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of mammary fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16081187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:14:17Z","timestamp":1776154457000},"page":"1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Palmatine Attenuates LPS-Induced EMT in MAC-T Cells and Mammary Fibrosis in Mice, with Suppression of NF-\u03baB\/TGF-\u03b21\/Smad Signaling In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dongxue","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kejiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0066-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weitao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5470-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingxu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25004","article-title":"CGA alleviates LPS-induced inflammation and milk fat reduction in BMECs through the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.25.0089","article-title":"Protection of bovine mammary epithelial cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses using Centella asiatica through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. 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