{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:48:34Z","timestamp":1790210914648,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001195","name":"NSW Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/PROS\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/PROS\/0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001195","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2020\/PROS\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/PROS\/0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0067dvq63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Free-roaming cats in Australian cities contribute to wildlife impacts, community concerns, and high shelter intake. We used an observational pre\u2013post evaluation study design of a targeted cat desexing program (\u201cStrayCare Metro\u201d) delivered with councils and community partners in four local government areas (LGAs) of Greater Sydney (2022\u20132024). Methods: Program records documented cat enrolments and services; council and state databases supplied annual shelter intake, euthanasia, and cat-related complaints; and transect drives in two LGAs (2021 and 2024) estimated cat encounter rates and population density. The analysis did not include control LGAs. Results: The program desexed 1225 cats; among enrolled cats not already microchipped, 72% received a microchip and 28% declined despite this being offered for free. Compared with pre-program baselines, annual council shelter intake decreased by 49\u201373% within LGAs (61% overall), with concurrent reductions in euthanasia. Cat-related complaints declined in three LGAs (47\u201364%) but increased in one. Transect drives indicated substantial declines in cat encounter rates in Blue Mountains (51%) and Campbelltown (35%) and lower density estimates in both surveyed LGAs. Conclusions: A collaborative targeted desexing approach was associated with large reductions in council pound intake, euthanasia, and, in most areas, nuisance complaints, alongside independent indications of reduced free-roaming cat density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16081216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:35:42Z","timestamp":1776339342000},"page":"1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["StrayCare Metro: Evaluation of a Targeted Cat Desexing Program to Manage Free-Roaming Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma C.","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals New South Wales, Yagoona, NSW 2199, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Zito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSPCA Australia, Deakin, ACT 2600, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1337-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke P. A.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"RSPCA Australia (2018). Identifying Best Practice Domestic Cat Management in Australia, RSPCA Australia. Available online: https:\/\/kb.rspca.org.au\/downloads\/information-papers\/identifying-best-practice-domestic-cat-management-in-australia\/download."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Animal Medicines Australia (2025). Pets in Australia: A National Survey of Pets and People, Animal Medicines Australia. Available online: https:\/\/animalmedicinesaustralia.org.au\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr, C.A., Rand, J., Morton, J.M., Reid, R., and Paterson, M. (2018). Changes Associated with Improved Outcomes for Cats Entering RSPCA Queensland Shelters from 2011 to 2016. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8060095"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12013","article-title":"Cat Admissions to RSPCA Shelters in Queensland, Australia: Description of Cats and Risk Factors for Euthanasia after Entry","volume":"91","author":"Alberthsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K., Rand, J., and Morton, J. (2017). Trap-Neuter-Return Activities in Urban Stray Cat Colonies in Australia. Animals, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7060046"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.11.032","article-title":"Enumerating a continental-scale threat: How many feral cats are in Australia?","volume":"206","author":"Legge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.001","article-title":"Effect of High-Impact Targeted Trap-Neuter-Return and Adoption of Community Cats on Cat Intake to a Shelter","volume":"201","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woinarski, J., Legge, S., and Dickman, C. (2019). History, Spread, Distribution and Population Size. Cats in Australia, CSIRO Publishing.","DOI":"10.1071\/9781486308446"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99298-6","article-title":"Human Influences Shape the First Spatially Explicit National Estimate of Urban Unowned Cat Abundance","volume":"11","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, K.F.P., Evans, B.S., Clark, J.A., and Marra, P.P. (2021). Domestic Cat Abundance and Activity Across a Residential Land Use Gradient. Front. Ecol. Evol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.643845"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10073","article-title":"Domestic Cats and Their Impacts on Biodiversity: A Blind Spot in the Application of Nature Conservation Law","volume":"2","author":"Trouwborst","year":"2020","journal-title":"People Nat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1399","article-title":"Reproductive Capacity of Free-Roaming Domestic Cats and Kitten Survival Rate","volume":"225","author":"Nutter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woinarski, J., Legge, S., and Dickman, C. (2019). Impacts of Feral Cats on Australian Wildlife. Cats in Australia, CSIRO Publishing.","DOI":"10.1071\/9781486308446"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"juaa004","DOI":"10.1093\/jue\/juaa004","article-title":"Subsidised by Junk Foods: Factors Influencing Body Condition in Stray Cats (Felis catus)","volume":"6","author":"Crawford","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urban Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1071\/WR19174","article-title":"We Need to Worry about Bella and Charlie: The Impacts of Pet Cats on Australian Wildlife","volume":"47","author":"Legge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woinarski, J., Legge, S., and Dickman, C. (2019). Pet Cats in Australia and Their Impact on Wildlife. Cats in Australia, CSIRO Publishing.","DOI":"10.1071\/9781486308446"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.02.012","article-title":"Nuisances and Welfare of Free-Roaming Cats in Urban Settings and Their Association with Cat Reproduction","volume":"119","author":"Gunther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boone, J.D., Miller, P.S., Briggs, J.R., Benka, V.A.W., Lawler, D.F., Slater, M., Levy, J.K., and Zawistowski, S. (2019). A Long-Term Lens: Cumulative Impacts of Free-Roaming Cat Management Strategy and Intensity on Preventable Cat Mortalities. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00238"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1071\/WR20089","article-title":"Cat-Dependent Diseases Cost Australia AU$6 Billion per Year through Impacts on Human Health and Livestock Production","volume":"47","author":"Legge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01522.x","article-title":"Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Free-Roaming Cats","volume":"60","author":"Gerhold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rand, J., Scotney, R., Enright, A., Hayward, A., Bennett, P., and Morton, J. (2024). A Situational Analysis of Attitudes toward Stray Cats and Preferences and Priorities for Their Management. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14202953"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotterell, J.L., Rand, J., Barnes, T.S., and Scotney, R. (2024). Impact of a Local Government Funded Free Cat Sterilization Program for Owned and Semi-Owned Cats. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.0588.v1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberthsen, C., Rand, J., Morton, J., Bennett, P., Paterson, M., and Vankan, D. (2016). Numbers and Characteristics of Cats Admitted to Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Shelters in Australia and Reasons for Surrender. Animals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6030023"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua, D., Rand, J., and Morton, J. (2023). Stray and Owner-Relinquished Cats in Australia\u2014Estimation of Numbers Entering Municipal Pounds, Shelters and Rescue Groups and Their Outcomes. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111771"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18781390","article-title":"Shelter Housing for Cats: Practical Aspects of Design and Construction, and Adaptation of Existing Accommodation","volume":"20","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"893","article-title":"Animal Shelters and Animal Welfare: Raising the Bar","volume":"53","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vojtkovsk\u00e1, V., Vosl\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, E., and Ve\u010derek, V. (2020). Methods of Assessment of the Welfare of Shelter Cats: A Review. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091527"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.10.1121","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Effects of Euthanasia and Occupational Stress in Personnel Working with Animals in Animal Shelters, Veterinary Clinics, and Biomedical Research Facilities","volume":"247","author":"Scotney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105289","article-title":"Moral Distress in Veterinarians","volume":"185","author":"Hazel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.03.005","article-title":"Euthanasia, Moral Stress, and Chronic Illness in Veterinary Medicine","volume":"41","author":"Rollin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotterell, J., Rand, J., and Scotney, R. (2025). Rethinking Urban Cat Management\u2014Limitations and Unintended Consequences of Traditional Cat Management. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15071005"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2025, May 01). Australian Veterinary Association Management of Cats in Australia. Available online: https:\/\/www.ava.com.au\/policy-advocacy\/policies\/companion-animals-management-and-welfare\/management-of-cats-in-australia\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez Riveros, D., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Lagos, C. (2024). Community Engagement and the Effectiveness of Free-Roaming Cat Control Techniques: A Systematic Review. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030492"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X231194225","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231194225","article-title":"Characteristics of Cat Semi-Owners","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zito, S., Vankan, D., Bennett, P., Paterson, M., and Phillips, C.J.C. (2015). Cat Ownership Perception and Caretaking Explored in an Internet Survey of People Associated with Cats. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133293"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2752\/175303707X207927","article-title":"Behaviors and Attitudes towards Semi-Owned Cats","volume":"20","author":"Toukhsati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anthrozo\u00f6s"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rand, J., Fisher, G., Lamb, K., and Hayward, A. (2019). Public Opinions on Strategies for Managing Stray Cats and Predictors of Opposition to Trap-Neuter and Return in Brisbane, Australia. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00290"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, C., Rand, J., Rohlf, V., Scotney, R., and Bennett, P. (2023). Solutions-Based Approach to Urban Cat Management\u2014Case Studies of a One Welfare Approach to Urban Cat Management. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13213423"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paterson, M.B.A., O\u2019Donoghue, M., Jamieson, P., and Morton, J.M. (2020). The Cat Desexing Policies and Activities of Private Veterinary Practices in Queensland. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050841"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101909","article-title":"Poor Owner Knowledge of Feline Reproduction Contributes to the High Proportion of Accidental Litters Born to UK Pet Cats","volume":"174","author":"Welsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald, J., Finka, L., Foreman-Worsley, R., Skillings, E., and Hodgson, D. (2023). Cat: Empirical Modelling of Felis catus Population Dynamics in the UK. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287841"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, P.S., Boone, J.D., Briggs, J.R., Lawler, D.F., Levy, J.K., Nutter, F.B., Slater, M., and Zawistowski, S. (2014). Simulating Free-Roaming Cat Population Management Options in Open Demographic Environments. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113553"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald, J.L., Hodgson, D.J., Roberts, C., Finka, L., Halls, V., and Foreman-Worsley, R. (2025). Domestic Cat Management in the UK: Learnings from a Global Perspective. Front. Vet. Sci, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1610123"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). Australian Bureau of Statistics Greater Sydney Census, Available online: https:\/\/abs.gov.au\/census\/find-census-data\/quickstats\/2021\/1GSYD."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Climate Statistics for Australian Locations-Summary Statistics for Sydney, Available online: https:\/\/www.bom.gov.au\/climate\/averages\/tables\/cw_066062.shtml."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, G.C., Gates, M.C., Littlewood, K.E., Zito, S., and Kennedy, B.P.A. (2025). Keeping Cats Safe at Home (KCSAH): Lessons Learned from a Human Behaviour Change Campaign to Reduce the Impacts of Free-Roaming Domestic Cats. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202511.0420.v1"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2026, April 11). NSW Government Office of Local Government Pound and Dog Attack Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.olg.nsw.gov.au\/public\/your-council-data-and-reports\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davey, I.J.L., Westman, M.E., Van der Saag, D., Ma, G.C., and Kennedy, B.P.A. (2023). Spatial and Temporal Movements of Free-Roaming Cats and Wildlife in Two Local Government Areas in Greater Sydney, Australia. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101711"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Census of Population and Housing, Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/housing\/housing-census\/2021."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2026, April 11). RSPCA NSW Keeping Cats Safe at Home: Project Report 2021\u20132024. Available online: https:\/\/www.rspcansw.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/2021-2024-RSPCANSW-Impact-Report-for-Keeping-Cats-safe-at-Home.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.i5470","article-title":"One Welfare-A Platform for Improving Human and Animal Welfare","volume":"179","author":"Appleby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotterell, J., Rand, J., and Scotney, R. (2025). Urban Cat Management in Australia\u2014Evidence-Based Strategies for Success. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15081083"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zito, S., Walker, J., Gates, M.C., and Dale, A. (2019). A Preliminary Description of Companion Cat, Managed Stray Cat, and Unmanaged Stray Cat Welfare in Auckland, New Zealand Using a 5-Component Assessment Scale. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00040"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cafazzo, S., Bonanni, R., and Natoli, E. (2019). Neutering Effects on Social Behaviour of Urban Unowned Free-Roaming Domestic Cats. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121105"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, S.M.L., Stellato, A.C., and Niel, L. (2020). Uncontrolled Outdoor Access for Cats: An Assessment of Risks and Benefits. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020258"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211055685","article-title":"Guidance for Management of Free-Roaming Community Cats: A Bioeconomic Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Benka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Junqueira, A.N.N., and Galera, P.D. (2024). Evaluation of Population Management Based on Trap\u2013Neuter\u2013Return and Trap\u2013Neuter\u2013Adoption Practices in a Free-Roaming Cat Colony in the Federal District, Brazil. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172478"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.4.502","article-title":"Estimation of Effectiveness of Three Methods of Feral Cat Population Control by Use of a Simulation Model","volume":"243","author":"McCarthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDowall, S., Hazel, S.J., Chittleborough, C., Hamilton-Bruce, A., Stuckey, R., and Howell, T.J. (2023). The Impact of the Social Determinants of Human Health on Companion Animal Welfare. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061113"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcdonald, J.L., Farnworth, M.J., and Clements, J. (2018). Integrating Trap-Neuter-Return Campaigns Into a Social Framework: Developing Long-Term Positive Behavior Change Toward Unowned Cats in Urban Areas. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00258"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald, J.L., and Clements, J. (2019). Engaging with Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Communities and Their Cats: Human Behaviour Change for Animal and Human Benefit. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9040175"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"356","article-title":"Animal Hoarding: A Systematic Review","volume":"45","author":"Stumpf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rand, J., Hayward, A., and Tan, K. (2019). Cat Colony Caretakers\u2019 Perceptions of Support and Opposition to TNR. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00057"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scotney, R., Rand, J., Rohlf, V., Hayward, A., and Bennett, P. (2023). The Impact of Lethal, Enforcement-Centred Cat Management on Human Wellbeing: Exploring Lived Experiences of Cat Carers Affected by Cat Culling at the Port of Newcastle. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020271"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.56771\/jsmcah.v2.62","article-title":"A Cat Is a Cat: Attachment to Community Cats Transcends Ownership Status","volume":"2","author":"Neal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Shelter. Med. Community Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurley, K.F., and Levy, J.K. (2022). Rethinking the Animal Shelter\u2019s Role in Free-Roaming Cat Management. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.847081"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2025, October 31). The International Coalition for Companion Animal Management (ICAM) A Guide to Monitoring and Evaluating Dog Population Management Interventions. Available online: https:\/\/www.icam-coalition.org\/download\/are-we-making-a-difference\/."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1163\/15685306-bja10097","article-title":"Estimates of Domestic Cats in Urban Areas Using Interdisciplinary Science: The Washington D.C. Cat Count","volume":"12","author":"Flockhart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Anim."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Nou, T., Legge, S., Woinarski, J., Dielenberg, J., and Garrard, G. (2025, October 31). The Management of Cats by Local Governments of Australia. Available online: https:\/\/www.nespthreatenedspecies.edu.au\/media\/uaoncte3\/tsr-hub-project-7-4-report-the-management-of-cats-by-local-governments-of-australia_final.pdf."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/8\/1216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:54:04Z","timestamp":1776340444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/8\/1216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16081216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16081216","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]}}}