{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:25:13Z","timestamp":1790389513340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD1300602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31860661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312360851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312360851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["31860661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860661"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["312360851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312360851"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education","award":["YCBZ2023050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCBZ2023050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) is the key to producing quality forage silage and an important energy source for ruminants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different silages used as roughage sources [whole-plant sugarcane silage (WSS) vs. elephant grass silage (EGS)] with varying levels of WSC on silage quality, buffalo growth performance, apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial communities. Sixteen healthy male crossbred buffaloes were randomly divided into two treatment groups, with eight buffaloes\/treatment. One group was fed whole-plant sugarcane silage, and the other group was fed elephant grass silage. Compared with EGS, WSS had higher WSC, lactic acid, and ethanol, but lower pH, ammonia nitrogen, propionic acid, and butyric acid (BA) contents (p &lt; 0.05). Potential probiotics (e.g., Lactiplantibacillus and Hanseniaspora) were more abundant in WSS than in EGS (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the feed conversion rate was higher in HWS (p &lt; 0.05). However, rumen fermentation parameters were unaffected by diet (p &gt; 0.05). Moreover, feeding WSS had lower dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and lower acid detergent fiber digestibility (ADFD) (p &lt; 0.05). After WSS feeding, ruminal Treponema_2 was strongly associated with DMD, OMD, and ADFD (p &lt; 0.05), and also showed positive correlations with BA and PA contents in WSS (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, rumen Ruminiclostridium_5 and Pseudozyma was associated with DMD and ADFD after being fed EGS (p &gt; 0.05), respectively, but the Pseudozyma was associated with BA (p &lt; 0.05) and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_11 (p &gt; 0.05) in EGS. Our findings indicated that WSS exhibited superior fermentation quality and harbored potential beneficial microbes, whereas EGS showed higher apparent nutrient digestibility in buffalo but also contained undesirable bacteria (e.g., Clostridium_sensu_stricto_11). Future research should investigate the long-term effects of WSS feeding on buffalo health, immunity, and production performance, as well as its impact on rumen microbiota stability, to fully assess its potential as a safe and sustainable roughage source.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16081233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T14:24:51Z","timestamp":1776435891000},"page":"1233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Effects of C4 Forage Silage with Different Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Contents on the Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Rumen Microbial Community of Buffaloes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4655-4311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qichao","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxiang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiling","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caixiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5002-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0054-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3611-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinghua","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1836-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caixia","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Backyard of Guangxi Fusui Dairy Industry, Chongzuo 532100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region, Nanning 530001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Energy and Nutrient Requirements of Buffaloes","volume":"3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kocatepe Vet. 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