{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:36:58Z","timestamp":1776854218143,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs is associated with increased serum pancreatic lipase activity, complicating the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP). This prospective study evaluated pancreatic lipase activity measured using a quantitative DGGR assay in dogs with CKD while excluding cases with clinical or imaging evidence of AP, and the DGGR results were compared with the qualitative SNAP cPL test. Twenty-five dogs with IRIS stage 1\u20134 CKD were enrolled. The DGGR results were within the reference range in 52% of dogs and elevated in 48%, whereas the SNAP cPL results were abnormal in 72% of cases. Discordance between tests was common, with several dogs showing abnormal SNAP cPL results despite normal DGGR values, a difference that was statistically significant (p = 0.016). The DGGR results revealed significant differences between normal and abnormal values relative to serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentration, as well as total serum lipase activity, suggesting an influence of impaired renal function on pancreatic lipase. No significant association was observed between CKD stage and either DGGR or SNAP cPL results. These findings indicate that pancreatic lipase activity may be increased in dogs with CKD independently of AP and that SNAP cPL may overestimate pancreatic enzyme elevation in this population. DGGR appears to be more reliable for excluding AP in dogs with CKD, although positive results should be interpreted cautiously in conjunction with clinical and imaging findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16091282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:01:24Z","timestamp":1776848484000},"page":"1282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Pancreatic Lipase Activity Using a Quantitative and a Qualitative Assay in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2912-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra","family":"Pardali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stavrou Voutira 11str, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Companion Animal Clinic (Unit of Medicine), Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stavrou Voutira 11str, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafailia","family":"Karaiosif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Companion Animal Clinic (Unit of Medicine), Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stavrou Voutira 11str, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6561-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Argyrios","family":"Ginoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stavrou Voutira 11str, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katerina K.","family":"Adamama-Moraitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Companion Animal Clinic (Unit of Medicine), Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stavrou Voutira 11str, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4039-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe","family":"Polizopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stavrou Voutira 11str, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartges, J., and Polzin, D.J. (2011). Chronic kidney disease. Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118785546"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16579","article-title":"Serum uromodulin in dogs with chronic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12090","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in dogs in UK veterinary practices: Prevalence, risk factors, and survival","volume":"27","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15322","article-title":"Factors associated with survival in dogs with chronic kidney disease","volume":"32","author":"Rudinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2","article-title":"Critical approach to the alternative treatment of chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats","volume":"55","author":"Alessi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Slov. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2012.718951","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis in chronic kidney disease\u2014A common but often misunderstood combination","volume":"34","author":"Golay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10054-0087","article-title":"Serum liver and pancreatic enzymes in chronic kidney disease with and without end-stage renal disease: A comparative study","volume":"23","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"58","article-title":"Serum lipase activity and canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) concentration in dogs with experimentally induced chronic renal failure","volume":"3","author":"Steiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1237","article-title":"Development and validation of a radioimmunoassay for canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in serum","volume":"64","author":"Steiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13379","article-title":"Retrospective study evaluation of DGGR lipase for diagnosis, agreement with pancreatic lipase and prognosis in dogs with suspected acute pancreatitis","volume":"62","author":"Hope","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2016.10.005","article-title":"SNAP tests for pancreatitis in dogs and cats: SNAP canine pancreatic lipase and SNAP feline pancreatic lipase","volume":"31","author":"Xenoulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12334","article-title":"Agreement of serum Spec cPL with the DGGR lipase assay and with pancreatic ultrasonography in dogs with suspected pancreatitis","volume":"28","author":"Kook","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12150","article-title":"Agreement of the serum Spec fPL and DGGR lipase assay for serum lipase determination in cats with suspicion of pancreatitis","volume":"27","author":"Oppliger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16292","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Cridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinella, G., Dondi, F., Grassato, L., Magna, L., Cola, V., Giunti, M., and Valentini, S. (2018). Prognostic value of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and lipase activity in dogs with gastric dilatation\u2013volvulus. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204216"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12376","article-title":"Canine pancreatic-specific lipase concentrations in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"28","author":"Mawby","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211003987","article-title":"Increased canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and DGGR lipase in dogs with portal hypertension and normal pancreatic histology","volume":"33","author":"Serrano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16426","article-title":"Effects of medical history and clinical factors on serum lipase activity and ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis: Analysis of 234 dogs","volume":"36","author":"Hammes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16693","article-title":"Hyperlipasemia in dogs with acute kidney injury treated with and without hemodialysis","volume":"37","author":"Bendeler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) (2025, March 03). IRIS Staging of CKD (Modified 2023). Available online: https:\/\/www.iris-kidney.com."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16437","article-title":"New insights into the etiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of pancreatitis in dogs: Potential impacts on clinical practice","volume":"36","author":"Cridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mehta, C., and Patel, R. (1996). SPSS Exact Test 7.0 for Windows, SPSS Inc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1982.43.04.697","article-title":"Nephelometric determination of serum amylase and lipase in naturally occurring azotemia in the dog","volume":"43","author":"Wagner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.03.404","article-title":"Serum amylase and lipase activities in dogs with chronic primary renal failure","volume":"44","author":"Polzin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00007.x","article-title":"Validation and diagnostic efficacy of a lipase assay using the substrate 1,2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero glutaric acid-(6\u2032-methyl resorufin)-ester for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Messick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15039","article-title":"Evaluation of SNAP cPL, Spec cPL, VetScan cPL rapid test, and Precision PSL assays for the diagnosis of clinical pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"32","author":"Cridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12158","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the SNAP and Spec canine pancreatic lipase tests for pancreatitis in dogs presenting with clinical signs of acute abdominal disease","volume":"24","author":"Haworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12274","article-title":"Diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs and cats","volume":"56","author":"Xenoulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15902","article-title":"Hyperlipasemia in critically ill dogs with and without acute pancreatitis","volume":"34","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Serum amylase in patients with renal insufficiency and renal failure","volume":"85","author":"Collen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"49","article-title":"Serum level of amylase and lipase in various stages of chronic renal insufficiency","volume":"65","author":"Jiang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-199611000-00004","article-title":"Increased serum pancreatic enzymes in uremia: Relation with treatment modality and pancreatic involvement","volume":"13","author":"Masoero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-010-1077-3","article-title":"Associations between serum amylase, lipase and pancreatic-specific lipase in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Jaensch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15047","article-title":"Assessment of canine pancreas\u2013specific lipase and outcomes in dogs with hemodialysis-dependent acute kidney injury","volume":"32","author":"Takada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13806","article-title":"Evaluation of canine pancreas-specific lipase activity, lipase activity, and trypsin-like immunoreactivity in an experimental model of acute kidney injury in dogs","volume":"30","author":"Hulsebosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16591","article-title":"Progression of lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in dogs hospitalized for acute pancreatitis and correlation with clinical features","volume":"37","author":"Cueni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02572.x","article-title":"Localization of pancreatic inflammation and necrosis in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.09.0533","article-title":"Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in dogs with elevated serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations","volume":"262","author":"Oberholtzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/9\/1282\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:39:59Z","timestamp":1776850799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/9\/1282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16091282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16091282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]}}}