{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T21:09:47Z","timestamp":1778533787506,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"dsm-firmenich","award":["BR240711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR240711"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005298","name":"University of Costa Rica","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["4297-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4297-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella infection in poultry remains a major concern due to its economic impact and public health risks. Synbiotics have emerged as a natural strategy to improve gut health and resistance to enteric pathogens. This study evaluated the immune response and early protective effects of a synbiotic in broiler chickens using a reduced in vivo model of Salmonella Typhimurium infection. A total of 44 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: control (CT), control plus synbiotic (CT + Syn), challenged (ST), and challenged plus synbiotic (ST + Syn). Birds were challenged at 7 days of age and euthanized at day 12 for sample collection. Synbiotic supplementation reduced bacterial colonization and adhesion in the ileum, as assessed by intestinal content isolation and immunofluorescence analysis. Additionally, the synbiotics mitigated lesion severity in the intestine, liver, and heart, increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1. Ileal histomorphometry showed increased epithelial height in the ST + Syn birds, while intestinal permeability was not affected. Improved body weight was also observed compared to the challenged birds without supplementation. In conclusion, synbiotic supplementation provided early protection against S. Typhimurium infection by modulating immune responses, preserving intestinal morphology, and supporting weight gain in broiler chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16091411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T10:01:30Z","timestamp":1777975290000},"page":"1411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective Effect of Synbiotic Supplementation Against Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Young Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Walter","family":"Rivera P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Agr\u00edcolas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 11501, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4428-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u00edas","family":"Barquero Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Chaves Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda Aviar, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5627-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Salas Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Agr\u00edcolas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 11501, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Validation of the Effect of Some Nutritional Manipulations on the Productive Performance of Broiler Chickens","volume":"53","author":"Metwally","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assiut J. 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