{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:10:51Z","timestamp":1778501451360,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"FONDECYT\u2013ANID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1231686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"FONDECYT\u2013ANID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1221818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1221818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Veterinary Research Fund (FIV)\u2013Favet"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are apicomplexan parasites infecting cattle, with implications for public health and livestock productivity, respectively. Since effective vaccines against these parasites are not currently available, identifying epidemiological factors associated with infection is important for improving control strategies. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of both parasites and to identify factors associated with seropositivity in intensive dairy cattle in central Chile. A cross-sectional study was conducted using serum samples from 567 cattle, analyzed by ELISA. Epidemiological data were collected through semi-structured surveys, and associations with seropositivity were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models, including mixed-effects models to account for farm-level clustering. Seroprevalence was 7.6% for T. gondii and 22.4% for N. caninum. For T. gondii, factors associated with seropositivity included older age categories (OR = 7.09; 11.25) and the presence of dogs in pens (OR = 6.07). For N. caninum, straw bedding use (OR = 5.13) and cat presence (OR = 6.32) were associated with higher odds of seropositivity. An additional association with lower N. caninum seropositivity was observed for BCG vaccination (OR = 0.24). These findings provide updated epidemiological data for dairy cattle in Chile. The association observed with BCG vaccination should be interpreted cautiously, as the study design does not permit causal inference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16101456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:50:52Z","timestamp":1778496652000},"page":"1456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seropositivity and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in Intensive Dairy Cattle from Different Farms in Central Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0917-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Godoy-Alfaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8642-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Zanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, La Florida-Campus, Santiago 8250122, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Jara-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catalina","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Duchens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1608-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Alegr\u00eda-Mor\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8597-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Retamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8415-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galia","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Toloza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07298-2","article-title":"Bovine besnoitiosis in a cattle herd in Sicily: An isolated outbreak or the acknowledgment of an endemicity?","volume":"120","author":"Napoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. 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