{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:10:20Z","timestamp":1778501420720,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Productores de Carne"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dark cutting (DC) is a significant quality defect in beef, often linked to stress experienced by animals prior to slaughter. This study evaluated how antemortem handling affects behavior and DC incidence in Holstein (n = 101) and commercial crossbred (CC; n = 101) steers finished under the same commercial conditions in northwestern Mexico. Animal welfare and handling practices were assessed during driving, transport, lairage, stunning and bleeding, and carcass and meat traits related to DC were measured. Holsteins, originating from confined systems with high human\u2013animal interaction, showed more backing events than CC (73 vs. 30; p = 0.03), which led operators to increase vocal encouragement (109 vs. 5; p &lt; 0.001) and hitting (100 vs. 28; p = 0.002). Additionally, 56.4% of Holstein carcasses had L* \u2264 40 compared with 22.8% in CC (p = 0.001), whereas a greater proportion of CC carcasses exhibited ultimate pH \u2265 5.8 (46.5 vs. 20.8%; p = 0.03). Meat from Holstein steers showed lower lightness, lower redness and higher yellowness, together with a higher incidence of DC (17.8 vs. 10.9%). In conclusion, genetic background and the human\u2013animal relationship influence responses to antemortem handling and the incidence of dark cutting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16101457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:50:52Z","timestamp":1778496652000},"page":"1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Antemortem Handling on the Behaviour of Holstein and Commercial Crossbred Steers and on the Incidence on Dark-Cutting Beef"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fernanda Alein","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Balderas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad #3000, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n Danilo","family":"M\u00e9ndez Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad #3000, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0198-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Faucitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Alejandro","family":"Ru\u00edz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad #3000, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Meat Science Laboratory, Centro de Ense\u00f1anza Pr\u00e1ctica e Investigaci\u00f3n en Producci\u00f3n y Salud Animal (CEPIPSA), Avenida Cruz Blanca No. 486, San Miguel Topilejo, Alcald\u00eda Tlalpan, Mexico City 14500, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7975-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Salud","family":"Rubio Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad #3000, Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Meat Science Laboratory, Centro de Ense\u00f1anza Pr\u00e1ctica e Investigaci\u00f3n en Producci\u00f3n y Salud Animal (CEPIPSA), Avenida Cruz Blanca No. 486, San Miguel Topilejo, Alcald\u00eda Tlalpan, Mexico City 14500, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7754","article-title":"Comparative Effects of Zilpaterol Hydrochloride and Ractopamine Hydrochloride on Live Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Calf-Fed Holstein Steers12","volume":"92","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Fabrication Yields of Serially Harvested Calf-Fed Holstein Steers Fed Zilpaterol Hydrochloride","volume":"95","author":"May","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. 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