{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:30:09Z","timestamp":1790033409978,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD2400705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023YFD2400705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400705"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/027s68j25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005906","name":"Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023TD46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2023TD46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD46"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02bwk9n38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","award":["2025HBSTX4-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HBSTX4-14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), a key species in China\u2019s freshwater aquaculture, faces hindered industrial development due to overwintering mortality disease outbreaks. A Gram-negative bacterial strain, designated Hbh25210, was isolated from overwintering mortality-diseased grass carp in a Hubei Province farm. It was identified as Flavobacterium psychrophilum by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showing 100% homology to reference strains in GenBank. The strain can be successfully cultured at 15 \u00b0C within 3 to 5 days. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) classified it as ST-51 (CC-ST56), while serotyping assigned it to the 0 type, indicating phylogenetic affinity to Japanese cyprinid isolates. Artificial infection experiments confirmed its pathogenicity: muscle injection resulted in 15\u201375% mortality in grass carp, with clinical symptoms consistent with natural infections. Histopathological changes included hepatic necrosis, splenic congestion, glomerular swelling, and muscle fiber dissolution; intestinal lesions were particularly prominent in infected fish. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of diseased tissues showed Flavobacterium psychrophilum constituted over 60% of the microbial community in most ulcerative lesions samples and reached as high as 98.8% in certain cases. Strain Hbh25210 exhibited high-level resistance to multiple antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, cefadroxil, neomycin, florfenicol, sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole, and flumequine. Conversely, it was relatively sensitive to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and amikacin. Quantitative PCR showed the bacterial load in muscle remained the highest, followed by the intestine and spleen, which peaked at 96 h post-injection. In conclusion, this study indicates that Flavobacterium psychrophilum is an important pathogen associated with overwintering mortality syndrome in grass carp. Our research findings can provide a basis for the effective prevention and control of overwintering mortality syndrome in major freshwater fish species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16101465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:50:52Z","timestamp":1778496652000},"page":"1465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Flavobacterium psychrophilum as an Important Pathogen Associated with Overwintering Mortality Syndrome in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Isolation, Characterization, and Pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3370-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8846-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7291-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuding","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Shao, H., Li, D., Xiao, N., and Tan, Z. (2020). Role of Tryptophan-Metabolizing Microbiota in Mice Diarrhea Caused by Folium Sennae Extracts. BMC Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01864-x"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e929","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.929","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of the Composition and Function of Fecal-Gut Bacteria in Captive Juvenile Crocodylus Siamensis between Healthy and Anorexic Individuals","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, M., Wu, F., Hao, G., Qi, Q., Li, R., Li, N., Wei, L., and Chai, T. (2017). Bacillus Subtilis Improves Immunity and Disease Resistance in Rabbits. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00354"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-34","article-title":"Population Structure of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum at Whole-Country and Model River Levels in Japan","volume":"44","author":"Bernardet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochat, T., Fujiwara-Nagata, E., Calvez, S., Dalsgaard, I., Madsen, L., Calteau, A., Lunazzi, A., Nicolas, P., Wiklund, T., and Bernardet, J.-F. (2017). Genomic Characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Serotypes and Development of a Multiplex PCR-Based Serotyping Scheme. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01752"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfefferle, S., Christner, M., Aepfelbacher, M., L\u00fctgehetmann, M., and Rohde, H. (2020). Implementation of the FilmArray ME Panel in Laboratory Routine Using a Simple Sample Selection Strategy for Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4904-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37896-7","article-title":"Two New Species of Dictyostelid Cellular Slime Molds in High-Elevation Habitats on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0103","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolates from the Great Lakes Basin, Michigan","volume":"23","author":"Loch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740190","article-title":"Morganella Morganii, a Bacterial Pathogen in Diseased Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis)","volume":"579","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl400","article-title":"Genomic DNA Functions as a Universal External Standard in Quantitative Real-Time PCR","volume":"34","author":"Yun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R19","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-2-r19","article-title":"qBase Relative Quantification Framework and Software for Management and Automated Analysis of Real-Time Quantitative PCR Data","volume":"8","author":"Hellemans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strepparava, N., Wahli, T., Segner, H., and Petrini, O. (2014). Detection and Quantification of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in Water and Fish Tissue Samples by Quantitative Real Time PCR. BMC Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-105"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00799-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00799-20","article-title":"The Type IX Secretion System Is Required for Virulence of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum","volume":"86","author":"Barbier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duchaud, E., Rochat, T., Habib, C., Barbier, P., Loux, V., Gu\u00e9rin, C., Dalsgaard, I., Madsen, L., Nilsen, H., and Sundell, K. (2018). Genomic Diversity and Evolution of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00138"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huyben, D., Jarau, M., MacInnes, J., Stevenson, R., and Lumsden, J. (2023). Impact of Infection with Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Antimicrobial Treatment on the Intestinal Microbiota of Rainbow Trout. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030454"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1313","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum","volume":"25","author":"Duchaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.12.032","article-title":"The Development of the Gut Microbiota in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Is Affected by First Feeding and Diet Type","volume":"424\u2013425","author":"Ingerslev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2003.00488.x","article-title":"Flavobacterium Psychrophilum Infections in Salmonid Fish","volume":"26","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, F., Wang, D., Loch, T.P., Chen, F., Lu, T., Cao, Y., Fan, D., and Li, S. (2022). Time-Course Transcriptome Analyses of Spleen in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Post-Flavobacterium psychrophilum Infection. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.965099"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2003.00487.x","article-title":"Pathology and Immunohistochemistry in Three Species of Salmonids after Experimental Infection with Flavobacterium psychrophilum","volume":"26","author":"Ekman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.09.009","article-title":"Cytotoxic Activity of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in Skeletal Muscle Cells of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"210","author":"Iturriaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"100596","article-title":"Transcriptomic Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Skeletal Muscle to Flavobacterium psychrophilum","volume":"31","author":"Molina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part D Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13490","article-title":"Genetic Diversity and Phenotypic Characterization of Iodobacter Limnosediminis Associated with Skin Lesions in Freshwater Fish","volume":"44","author":"Heinikainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Wang, X., Li, L., Niu, C., Pei, C., Zhu, L., and Kong, X. (2022). Identification of Shewanella putrefaciens as a Novel Pathogen of the Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) and Histopathological Analysis of Diseased Fish. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1042977"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Yu, Y., He, H., Lv, X., Liu, Z., and Ni, L. (2022). The Adhesion and Spoilage of Shewanella putrefaciens in Tilapia. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11131913"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, S.K., Wong, M.K.-S., Hyodo, S., Goto, S., and Hamasaki, K. (2022). Temperature Modulation Alters the Gut and Skin Microbial Profiles of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1027621"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Xiang, P., Liu, X., Zhao, L., Chen, H., Li, M., and Song, Z. (2024). Deterministic Processes Dominate Microbial Assembly Mechanisms in the Gut Microbiota of Cold-Water Fish between Summer and Winter. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1415931"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.111084","article-title":"Bacillus Coagulans Controls Grass Carp Overwintering Syndrome through the Intestinal Microbiota-Metabolite-Immunity Network","volume":"169","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01717-10","article-title":"Identification of Cold-Temperature-Regulated Genes in Flavobacterium psychrophilum","volume":"77","author":"Hesami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2436-2444.2001","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of a Psychrophilic, Calcium-Induced, Growth-Phase-Dependent Metalloprotease from the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum","volume":"67","author":"Secades","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.11.025","article-title":"Immersion Exposure of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fry to Wildtype Flavobacterium psychrophilum Induces No Mortality, but Protects against Later Intraperitoneal Challenge","volume":"28","author":"Lorenzen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3354\/dao067073","article-title":"Experimental Bath Infection with Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Inducing Typical Signs of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Fry Syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Aoki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734607","article-title":"Short-Term Stress Due to Dietary Pectin Induces Cholestasis, and Chronic Stress Induces Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis in Yellow Catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco","volume":"516","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.006","article-title":"Temperature-Regulated Type II Grass Carp Reovirus Establishes Latent Infection in Ctenopharyngodon idella Brain","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103921","article-title":"A BCWD-Resistant Line of Rainbow Trout Is Less Sensitive to Cortisol Implant-Induced Changes in IgM Response as Compared to a Susceptible (Control) Line","volume":"116","author":"Quddos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.109305","article-title":"Systemic Immune Response of Rainbow Trout Exposed to Flavobacterium psychrophilum Infection","volume":"144","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, X., and Li, Q. (2024). Medulla Oblongata and NCCs Are Central Defenders against Streptococcus agalactiae Infection of the Tilapia Brain. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1442906"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"059410","article-title":"Isolation, Identification, and Histopathological Observation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from Diseased Carassius Auratus Gibelio","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"SCXB"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"929","article-title":"Isolation, Identification and Pathogenicity of Flavobacterium Psychrophilum from Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"45","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"SCXB"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"152","article-title":"Biological Characteristics and Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Flavobacterium Psychrophilum Isolated from Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"22","author":"Mo","year":"2026","journal-title":"South China Fish Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0033021","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00330-21","article-title":"Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Recovered from Diseased Salmonids in China","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3354\/dao031209","article-title":"Characterization of Isolates of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Associated with Coldwater Disease or Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome II: Serological Studies","volume":"31","author":"Lorenzen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2000.00240.x","article-title":"Comparative Studies of Danish Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolates: Ribotypes, Plasmid Profiles, Serotypes and Virulence","volume":"23","author":"Madsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12099","article-title":"Flavobacterium psychrophilum Vaccine Development: A Difficult Task","volume":"7","author":"Cascales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.04.037","article-title":"Intramuscular Challenge of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with Two Norwegian Field Strains of Flavobacterium psychrophilum","volume":"35","author":"Fredriksen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, C.D., Smith, P., Rojas, R., Contreras-Lynch, S., and Vega, J.M.A. (2016). Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from Chilean Salmon Farms and Their Epidemiological Cut-Off Values Using Agar Dilution and Disk Diffusion Methods. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01880"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12730","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolates from the United Kingdom","volume":"41","author":"Ngo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14119","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.14119","article-title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolated From Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Slovenia","volume":"48","author":"Pavlin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110965","article-title":"Ferroptosis Triggered by Gill Dysbiosis Mediates Immune Failure in Grass Carp Overwintering Syndrome","volume":"168","author":"Feng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Geng, Y., Liu, S., Huang, X., Mou, C., Zhao, H., Zhou, J., Li, Q., and Deng, Y. (2026). Overwinter Syndrome in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Links Enteric Viral Proliferation to Mucosal Disruption via Multiomics Investigation. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15020157"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.02.037","article-title":"The Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Rare Minnow, Gobiocypris rarus, Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Isolates of Grass Carp Reovirus Genotype II","volume":"123","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/10\/1465\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:45:11Z","timestamp":1778561111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/10\/1465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16101465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16101465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]}}}