{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:16:36Z","timestamp":1778681796320,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphoplasmacytic gastritis (LPG) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases affecting cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) under human care, yet its underlying cause remains unresolved. Gastric inflammation occurs in the majority of adult captive cheetahs but is uncommon in free-ranging populations, suggesting that management-related factors contribute to disease pathogenesis. This review proposes that LPG represents a bile acid-driven gastroenteropathy arising from disruption of the natural feeding ecology of the cheetah. In free-ranging systems, cheetahs consume large episodic meals separated by prolonged fasting intervals and ingest whole-prey containing substantial connective tissue and collagen. In captivity, feeding patterns are typically characterized by smaller, more frequent meals and diets dominated by lean skeletal muscle with reduced structural complexity. I hypothesize that this mismatch alters gastric emptying kinetics, disrupts coordinated pancreatic and biliary secretion, and destabilizes fat digestion. Inefficient lipolysis may impair micelle formation and promote bile acid mislocalization within the gastrointestinal tract, increasing mucosal exposure to hydrophobic bile acids capable of inducing chemical epithelial injury. Within this framework, lymphoplasmacytic gastritis is interpreted as a secondary inflammatory reaction to chronic bile acid-mediated mucosal stress rather than a primary immune-mediated disorder. The model also provides a mechanistic explanation for the frequent coexistence of gastritis with fat and protein maldigestion in captive cheetahs. Differential responses to antimicrobial therapy, glucocorticoids, sulfasalazine, pancreatic enzyme supplementation, and bile acid-modifying agents are broadly consistent with this proposed mechanism. Recognition of LPG as a physiologically driven gastroenteropathy has important implications for management, emphasizing restoration of feast\u2013fast feeding patterns, inclusion of collagen-rich carcass components, and targeted modulation of bile acid composition and signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16101494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:46:55Z","timestamp":1778676415000},"page":"1494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lymphoplasmacytic Gastritis in Cheetahs Under Human Care: A Bile Acid-Driven Gastroenteropathy Arising from Disrupted Feeding Ecology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5416-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian S. W.","family":"Tordiffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Greens Zoological Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre, Jamnagar 361142, Gujarat, India"},{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430120110","article-title":"Diseases of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus): Results of the cheetah research council pathology survey, 1989\u20131992","volume":"12","author":"Munson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"342","article-title":"Diseases of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) in South Africa: A 20-year retrospective survey","volume":"30","author":"Munson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. 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