{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T11:12:29Z","timestamp":1778843549659,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA-NIFA","award":["2016-68006-24630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-68006-24630"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the implementation of reproductive technologies and their effects on pregnancy rates (PRs) and calving distribution. Producers (n = 11) were enrolled in Level 1 or 2 and subsequently transitioned to Level 2 or 3. Level 1: females were exposed to natural service (NS) only versus estrous synchronization (7d-CIDR) before NS (SynNS). Level 2: SynNS versus fixed-time artificial insemination (SynAI; 7d-CO-Synch + CIDR) with conventional semen. Level 3: conventional versus sex-skewed semen (FTAI-con and FTAI-sexed, respectively). Artificial insemination occurred 60\u201366 h post CIDR removal (SynAI; FTAI-con; FTAI-sexed) and bulls were introduced on d 0 (NS and SynNS) or 10\u201314 d post artificial insemination (SynAI; FTAI-con; FTAI-sexed). Breeding season PRs did not differ between treatments (p &gt; 0.50). In Level 2, SynNS had greater 21 d PRs compared to SynAI (p &lt; 0.01). For Level 3, FTAI-con had greater 21 d PRs compared to FTAI-sexed (p &lt; 0.01). In Level 1, the proportion of cows that calved by day 14 was greater for SynNS compared to NS (p &lt; 0.01). In Level 2, SynAI had a greater proportion calved by day 7 (p = 0.01); however, SynNS had a greater proportion calved by day 21 and 42 (p &lt; 0.01). In Level 3, FTAI-con had a greater proportion calved by day 14 and 21 (p &lt; 0.01) compared to FTAI-sexed. In conclusion, reproductive technologies altered the calving distribution with more calves born earlier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16101512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:33:21Z","timestamp":1778841201000},"page":"1512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparison of Implementation of Synchronization, Artificial Insemination and Sex-Skewed Semen on Reproductive Performance and Calving Distribution in Beef Herds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5272-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulo","family":"Menegatti Zoca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George A.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Overton, TX 75684, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9119-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Diersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ness School of Management and Economics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4042-9114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren C.","family":"Rusche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4791-1683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmalee J.","family":"Northrop-Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2335-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerica J. J.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2620-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin M.","family":"Epperson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO 64468, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie D.","family":"Perkins-Oines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1994-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"USDA (2020). 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