{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:09:02Z","timestamp":1785434942124,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n of the Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, UNAM, through the Programa C\u00e1tedras de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["C 22_17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C 22_17"]}]},{"award":["C 22_17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C 22_17"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00n9d5724","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the degree and characteristics of sedation were assessed using the Grint scale for azaperone and acepromazine in 24 dogs, with the effects on heart rate and systemic blood pressure evaluated simultaneously using oscillometry. Posture, palpebral reflex, eye position, relaxation, response, postural resistance, attitude, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the effects of treatment, time, and their interaction. Significant effects of time were observed for all variables (p &lt; 0.001), including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, whereas heart rate was not significantly affected by treatment. Based on these results, we conclude that azaperone produces moderate sedation at 20 min after administration, and it does not induce bradycardia or clinically significant hypotension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16101522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"1522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the Sedative and Cardiovascular Effects of Azaperone and Acepromazine in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5126-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"de Paz-Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Hospital de Peque\u00f1as Especies, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilia","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Olvera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8802-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor Salvador","family":"Sumano-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3181-8441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graciela","family":"Tapia-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Bioestad\u00edstica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1760-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Ibancovichi-Camarillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, San \u00c1ngel 3886, Mercado de Abastos, Fraccionamiento San Benito, Culiac\u00e1n 80260, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2746-9359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uriel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Parrilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Producci\u00f3n y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Hospital de Peque\u00f1as Especies, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Williams Alexis","family":"Bernal-Palapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Producci\u00f3n y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Hospital de Peque\u00f1as Especies, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4765-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina Paola","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Hospital de Peque\u00f1as Especies, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2078-1217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio Ra\u00fal","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Monteagudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Hospital de Peque\u00f1as Especies, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Turi, A., and Lerche, P. (2024). Phenothiazines and Butyrophenones. Pharmacology in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Laurence, B., and Bjorn, K. (2022). Goodman and Gilman\u2019s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw Hill Professional. [14th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Oberwallner, H., Hertle, A., Magunna, E., Koch, H., Siggel, H.J., M\u00fcler, R., Vick, K.R., Ittner, J., Schebitz, H., and Schubert, G. (1984, January 16\u201319). A short time anaesthesia with Alfentanil\/Etomidate under practice conditions. Proceedings of the 9th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.26.718","article-title":"Effect of muscle injection site and drug temperature on pre-anesthetic sedation in pigs","volume":"142","author":"Clutton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101.2.30","article-title":"An evaluation of chemical restraining agents","volume":"101","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1976.tb07637.x","article-title":"Effects of azaperone on cardiovascular and respiratory functions in the horse","volume":"56","author":"Lees","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ko, J. (2019). Preanesthetic medication: Drugs and dosages. Small Animal Anesthesia and Pain Management, Taylor & Francis Group. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1989.tb00723.x","article-title":"Clinical Effects of Azaperone-Metomidate, as Compared to Propionylpromazine-Xylazine-Metomidate or Xylazine-Ketamine Combinations in Anaesthesia of Dogs","volume":"36","author":"Mgasa","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.02.007","article-title":"Haemodynamic, respiratory and sedative effects of progressively increasing doses of acepromazine in conscious dogs","volume":"47","author":"Rangel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00412.x","article-title":"Effects of methadone, alone or in combination with acepromazine or xylazine, on sedation and physiologic values in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Monteiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00424.x","article-title":"Comparative study on the sedative effects of morphine, methadone, butorphanol or tramadol, in combination with acepromazine in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15331","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Acierno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.1.59","article-title":"Comparison of blood pressure measurements of anesthetized dogs obtained noninvasively with a cylindrical blood pressure cuff and an anatomically modified conical blood pressure cuff","volume":"77","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12312","article-title":"Agreement between two oscillometric blood pressure technologies and invasively measured arterial pressure in the dog","volume":"43","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2019.12.007","article-title":"Validation of the oscillometric blood pressure monitor Vet20 SunTech in anesthetized healthy cats","volume":"47","author":"Cremer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00670.x","article-title":"Does pethidine affect the cardiovascular and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in dogs?","volume":"50","author":"Grint","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, M.C., Hecker, K.H., and Pang, D.S.J. (2017). Sedation levels in dogs: A validation study. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1027-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","article-title":"Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Liang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"396","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik und Bioverf\u00fcgbarkeit von Azepromazin im Plasma des Hundes The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of acepromazine in the plasma of dogs","volume":"99","author":"Hashem","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.09.008","article-title":"Comparison between dexmedetomidine and acepromazine in combination with methadone for premedication in brachycephalic dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Petruccione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1977.38.04.479","article-title":"Cardiovascular response to fentanyl-droperidol and atropine in the dog","volume":"38","author":"Buckhold","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"19732232409","article-title":"Dose calibration studies of lenperone, a new tranquilizer for dogs, cats and swine","volume":"68","author":"Cloyd","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"285","article-title":"Blood pressure response to acetylpromazine and lenperone in halothane anesthetized dogs","volume":"21","author":"Muir","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.02.195","article-title":"Acepromazine and droperidol inhibition of halothane-induced malignant hyperthermia (porcine stress syndrome) in swine","volume":"42","author":"McGrath","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, J. (2025). Preanesthetic medication: Drugs and dosages. Small Animal Anesthesia and Pain Management, Taylor & Francis Group. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003353799-3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamont, L.A., Grimm, K.A., Robertson, S., Love, L., and Schroeder, C. (2024). Sedatives and Tranquilizers. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia: The Sixth Edition of Lumb and Jones, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119830306"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2006.00328.x","article-title":"Effects of acepromazine on the cardiovascular actions of dopamine in anesthetized dogs","volume":"34","author":"Monteiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13318","article-title":"What is the best treatment for hypotension in healthy dogs during anaesthesia maintained with isoflurane?","volume":"102","author":"Quinn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henao-Guerrero, N., Ricco-Pereira, C.H., and Paranjape, V.V. (2023). A Comparison of Dobutamine, Norepinephrine, Vasopressin, and Hetastarch for the Treatment of Isoflurane-Induced Hypotension in Healthy, Normovolemic Dogs. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162674"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.06.0147","article-title":"Phenylephrine and norepinephrine increase blood pressure through opposing physiologic mechanisms in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs receiving acepromazine","volume":"84","author":"Cannarozzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.7.754","article-title":"Hemodynamic influence of acepromazine or dexmedetomidine premedication in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs","volume":"246","author":"Grasso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1970.156.02.208","article-title":"Neuroleptanalgesia in the dog and reversal by an antagonist","volume":"156","author":"Alford","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.01.018","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of the effects of a combination of acepromazine with morphine and midazolam on sedation, cardiovascular variables and the propofol dose requirements for induction of anesthesia in dogs","volume":"200","author":"Monteiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.5.446","article-title":"Relationship between plasma dexmedetomidine concentration and sedation score and thermal threshold in cats","volume":"75","author":"Pypendop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2019.04.013","article-title":"Plasma concentrations at two dexmedetomidine constant rate infusions in isoflurane anaesthetized horses: A clinical study","volume":"46","author":"Bettembourg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/10\/1522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:58:26Z","timestamp":1779357506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/10\/1522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16101522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16101522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}}}