{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:35:38Z","timestamp":1785404138053,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006088","name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ggwpx62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weaning disrupts intestinal structure and function in piglets and frequently results in post-weaning diarrhea, highlighting the need for effective nutritional alternatives to medicinal feed additives. This study evaluated non-fermented field peas and diets containing different inclusion levels of a fermented pea\u2013wheat ingredient as substitutes for soybean meal in restricted liquid diets for weaned piglets. Fifty-six piglets were assigned to four dietary treatments for 14 days after weaning: non-fermented soybean meal, non-fermented peas, partial inclusion of the fermented pea\u2013wheat ingredient, or full inclusion of the fermented pea\u2013wheat ingredient. Fecal consistency, plasma inflammatory cytokines, small-intestinal morphology, crypt cell proliferation, and intestinal microbiota composition were assessed. Plasma interleukin-1\u03b2, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 remained low and did not differ among treatments, indicating no measurable systemic inflammatory response. Diets containing the fermented pea\u2013wheat ingredient were associated with differences in early intestinal morphology, particularly villus height on day 4 after weaning. Treatment- and segment-specific variation was also observed in crypt cell proliferation. Microbiota analysis showed differences in community composition among treatments, with diets containing the fermented pea\u2013wheat ingredient associated with a higher relative abundance of lactic acid-producing genera. At the pen level, full inclusion of the fermented pea\u2013wheat ingredient was consistently associated with low fecal scores, whereas partial inclusion was associated with higher fecal scores throughout the study period. Overall, these findings suggest that, under the controlled conditions of this study, diets containing the full inclusion level of the fermented pea\u2013wheat ingredient were associated with indicators of intestinal adaptation and consistently low pen-level fecal scores. Further studies with replicated pen designs, longer-term performance evaluation, and functional analyses are needed before practical recommendations can be made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16101526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T08:56:27Z","timestamp":1779094587000},"page":"1526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Fermented Pea\u2013Wheat Ingredient Inclusion in Soybean Meal-Replacement Diets on Intestinal Adaptation, Gut Microbiota, and Fecal Consistency in Weaned Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8444-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Botond","family":"Alp\u00e1r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wittmann Antal Multidisciplinary Doctoral School of Plant, Animal, and Food Sciences, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, 2 V\u00e1r Square, 9200 Mosonmagyar\u00f3v\u00e1r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7431-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, 15-17 Lucsony Street, 9200 Mosonmagyar\u00f3v\u00e1r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"V\u00e1radi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Blvd., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter","family":"Kaszab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Blvd., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 23-25 Hung\u00e1ria Blvd., 1143 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 2 Istv\u00e1n Street, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Somogyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, 2 Istv\u00e1n Street, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 2 Istv\u00e1n Street, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4457-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural and Food Research Center, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, 1 Egyetem Square, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The biological stress of early weaned piglets","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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