{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:25Z","timestamp":1787027485128,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101134842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101134842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["101134842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101134842"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) continue to impose substantial health and productivity losses in grazing ruminants, and the accelerating emergence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) underscores the need for SWC strategies. Although multiple SWC approaches have been validated experimentally, their implementation across European livestock systems remains inconsistent, and limited evidence exists regarding the stakeholders\u2019 perceptions that affect decision-making. This study conducted a multilingual cross-sectional survey of 1261 respondents, including farmers, veterinarians, advisors, and other professionals, across 13 European countries to evaluate perceived worm-control cost burdens and the economic feasibility of seven SWC strategies. Descriptive and regression analyses revealed that a majority of respondents (56.7%) considered diagnostic testing to be financially reasonable, although perceptions varied significantly between countries. Sustainable anthelmintic use, quarantine and strategic screening, and grazing management were perceived as the most viable strategies, whereas biological control and bioactive compound-based approaches elicited greater uncertainty. An aggregated SWC Attitude Score demonstrated systematically higher acceptance among veterinarians compared to farmers, while male and older respondents exhibited lower levels of agreement across practices. The overall findings suggest that economic considerations may not be perceived as the primary barrier to sustainable worm control adoption, but other practical factors may potentially limit implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16101552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:17:23Z","timestamp":1779203843000},"page":"1552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perceptions on the Economic Feasibility of Sustainable Roundworm Control Practices in Grazed Livestock\u2014A Short Survey Among European Farmers and Veterinarians"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5531-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah Njiriku","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kreavet, Hendrik Mertensstraat 17, 9150 Kruibeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leen","family":"Lietaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences, ILVO, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92\/1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8292-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Claerebout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Saliburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0975-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREMOPAR, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1266-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREMOPAR, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smaragda","family":"Sotiraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Dimitra (ELGO-DIMITRA), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Mickiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Toinen Pro Art Fundacja, 99-440 Zduny, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmut Sinan","family":"Erez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9473-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esma","family":"Kozan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Spaans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZLTO\u2014Zuidelijke Land- en Tuinbouworganisatie Vereniging, 5222 Den Bosch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6340-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carole","family":"Tocz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDELE\u2014Institut de l\u2019\u00c9levage, 31321 Castanet-Tolosan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4775-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascha","family":"Meunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Ireland, N41 WN27 Carrick-on Shannon, County Leitrim, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3723-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Mart\u00ednez","family":"Valladares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ganader\u00eda de Monta\u00f1a, Animal Health Department, CSIC-University of Leon, Grulleros, 24346 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7977-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Kaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Toinen Pro Art Fundacja, 99-440 Zduny, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8882-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mickael","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIRPO\u2014Centre Interregional d\u2019Information et de Recherche en Production Ovinele Mourie, 87260 Saint-Priest-Ligoure, 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Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020062","article-title":"Increasing importance of anthelmintic resistance in European livestock: Creation and meta-analysis of an open database","volume":"27","author":"Vineer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velde, F.V., Charlier, J., and Claerebout, E. (2018). Farmer behavior and gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminant livestock-uptake of sustainable control approaches. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00255"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.12.021","article-title":"Herding the U.S. cattle industry toward a paradigm shift in parasite control","volume":"204","author":"McArthur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. 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