{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:02:06Z","timestamp":1781002926958,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perioperative lidocaine is widely used in horses with acute abdomen for its analgesic, prokinetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-endotoxic effects, although evidence of its visceral analgesic efficacy remains inconclusive. Given the potential of alternative routes of administration for local anaesthetics, this prospective, randomised, unblinded clinical trial evaluated whether intraperitoneal (IP) lidocaine improves early postoperative recovery, including recovery from anaesthesia and the first 24 h after laparotomy for colic. A Multifactorial Numerical Rating Composite Pain Scale for equines was used for pain assessment. Covariates including aetiology, times of surgery, anaesthesia and recovery, and eventual postoperative constant rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine were further analysed. Fifty-four horses were enrolled and equally distributed between two groups differing from the IP administration of 2 mg\/kg lidocaine (group L) or not (group C) at the end of laparotomy. Postoperative lidocaine CRI (p = 0.007), higher ASA status (p = 0.005), longer recovery time (p = 0.0012), and large intestinal disease compared with small intestinal disease (p = 0.006) were significantly associated with higher pain scores, particularly within the first 24 h. No horse showed signs of toxicity. Although group L demonstrated a trend toward faster pain reduction, IP lidocaine did not significantly improve early postoperative pain outcomes. Postoperative \u2018lidocaine CRI\u2019 was associated with more severe cases, questioning its analgesic efficacy. Further research is warranted to optimise safe and effective protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16111616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1779793371000},"page":"1616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of Intraperitoneal Lidocaine in Horses Undergoing Laparotomy for Colic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5901-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Giulivi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7774-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Nannarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, CeRiDA (Centro di Ricerca sul Dolore Animale), University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, CRCS (Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo), University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flood, J., and Stewart, A.J. 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