{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:45:11Z","timestamp":1785422711424,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002644","name":"Pukyong National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002644","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0433kqc49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of dietary host-derived Bacillus strains combined with fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, basal physiological status, intestinal morphology, and thermal stress responses in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A total of 486 fish with an initial body weight of 7.26 \u00b1 0.04 g were randomly distributed into 27 tanks and fed nine experimental diets for nine weeks. The diets consisted of a basal control, an FOS-only diet, three single-strain synbiotic diets containing FOS and one host-derived Bacillus strain (B. sonorensis, B. subtilis, or B. velezensis), and four multi-strain synbiotic diets containing FOS and combinations of two or three strains. Probiotics were included at 1 \u00d7 107 CFU g\u22121 diet, and FOS was supplemented at 5 g kg\u22121 diet. After the feeding trial, no significant dietary effects were observed on growth performance, somatic indices, whole-body proximate composition, plasma biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, immune-related indicators, stress-related biomarkers, or intestinal morphology. Fish were subsequently subjected to lethal and acute high-temperature challenges to evaluate thermal stress tolerance and associated physiological responses. In the lethal temperature challenge, fish fed the multi-strain diets FOS + B. sonorensis + B. velezensis and FOS + B. sonorensis + B. subtilis + B. velezensis showed numerically higher survival than the other groups; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Following acute heat exposure, dietary treatments did not significantly affect plasma metabolites, and most heat-shock- and energy-metabolism-related genes were not differentially expressed among treatments. Hepatic AMPK\u03b2 expression showed a significant dietary treatment effect, with higher expression in the BCF and ACF groups than in the ABF group. Overall, host-derived synbiotic supplementation did not significantly enhance growth performance or basal physiological responses under the present experimental conditions. However, some multi-strain combinations showed a non-significant tendency toward higher survival under lethal thermal stress. Further studies incorporating gut microbiome profiling, metabolomic analysis, and alternative dietary conditions are required to clarify whether host-derived Bacillus\u2013FOS synbiotic formulations can influence thermal stress resilience in olive flounder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16111655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:06:56Z","timestamp":1780049216000},"page":"1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Dietary Host-Derived Bacillus\u2013Fructo-Oligosaccharide Formulations on Growth Performance and Thermal Challenge Responses in Juvenile Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2585-9930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuncheol","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Blue Food, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haham","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sooa","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1328-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Hashibur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Marine and Fisheries Sciences and Convergent Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungchul C.","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutics, Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutics, Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3998-7493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taesun","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju International Animal Research Center, Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5266-2087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Moniruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju International Animal Research Center, Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0914-9613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Blue Food, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S., and Lee, S. (2024). Fish welfare-related issues and their relevance in land-based olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) farms in Korea. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111693"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"272","article-title":"Compensatory growth of grower olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) with different feeding regime at suboptimal temperature","volume":"25","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0669-1","article-title":"Global change in marine aquaculture production potential under climate change","volume":"2","author":"Froehlich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maulu, S., Hasimuna, O.J., Haambiya, L.H., Monde, C., Musuka, C.G., Makorwa, T.H., Munganga, B.P., Phiri, K.J., and Nsekanabo, J.D.M. (2021). Climate change effects on aquaculture production: Sustainability implications, mitigation, and adaptations. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2021.609097"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12853","article-title":"Responses of aquaculture fish to climate change-induced extreme temperatures: A review","volume":"53","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-Guill\u00e9n, C. (2023). New strategies to increase fish larval physiological responses against changes in water temperature. Fishes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8060299"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2989\/16085914.2025.2534384","article-title":"Advancing disease-resistant stock in aquaculture: A brief overview","volume":"50","author":"Mastor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afr. J. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2875","article-title":"Effect of high-water temperature on growth, survival and antioxidant enzyme activities in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"6","author":"Lou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165341","article-title":"Stress responses to warming in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) from different environmental scenarios","volume":"897","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diwan, A., Harke, S.N., and Panche, A. (2023). Impact of climate change on the gut microbiome of fish and shellfish. Microbiome of Finfish and Shellfish, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-0852-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavraganis, T. (2026, April 02). Surviving in Changing Waters: A Synthesis of Contemporary Research on Fish Physiology in Combination with Climate Change Parameters. Available online: https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/manuscript\/202503.1393.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202503.1393.v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-018-1117-3","article-title":"Global aquaculture productivity, environmental sustainability, and climate change adaptability","volume":"63","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2002.00422.x","article-title":"Probiotics in aquaculture","volume":"25","author":"Irianto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.02.023","article-title":"Prospects of host-associated microorganisms in fish and penaeids as probiotics with immunomodulatory functions","volume":"45","author":"Lazado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2009.00645.x","article-title":"Health-beneficial effects of probiotics: Its mode of action","volume":"80","author":"Ohashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"201","article-title":"Possible adjuvant cancer therapy by two prebiotics\u2014Inulin or oligofructose","volume":"19","author":"Taper","year":"2005","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37565-9","article-title":"Environmental filtering of bacterial functional diversity along an aridity gradient","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003363","article-title":"Prebiotic effects: Metabolic and health benefits","volume":"104","author":"Roberfroid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578171","article-title":"Effects of a high saturated fatty acid diet on the intestinal microbiota modification and associated impacts on Parkinson\u2019s disease development","volume":"382","author":"Gasparotto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00407-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00407-17","article-title":"Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids modulate expression of Campylobacter jejuni determinants required for commensalism and virulence","volume":"8","author":"Luethy","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02083-3","article-title":"Impacts of heat stress on immune responses and oxidative stress in farm animals and nutritional strategies for amelioration","volume":"65","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012026","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/430\/1\/012026","article-title":"Host-derived probiotics for finfish aquaculture","volume":"430","author":"Caipang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, R.R., and Preedy, V.R. (2010). Probiotics and other microbial manipulations in fish feeds: Prospective health benefits. Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health: Probiotics and Prebiotics, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2011.x002"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2019.1643288","article-title":"Host-associated probiotics: A key factor in sustainable aquaculture","volume":"28","author":"Hoseinifar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, K., Reid, C.E., Hamlett, J., Kaur, D., Tan, Q.Z., Taylor, R.S., Bissett, A., Nowak, B.F., and Bowman, J.P. (2025). Characterization of bacteria colonizing the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon farmed in a warm water region. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1564052"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.4.655-671.2000","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture","volume":"64","author":"Verschuere","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-5131.2012.01082.x","article-title":"Microbiology and immunology of fish larvae","volume":"5","author":"Vadstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2013.12.004","article-title":"Evolution of probiotics in aquatic world: Potential effects, the current status in Egypt and recent prospectives","volume":"6","author":"Ibrahem","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12513","article-title":"Microbiome diversity and dysbiosis in aquaculture","volume":"13","author":"Huerlimann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egerton, S., Culloty, S., Whooley, J., Stanton, C., and Ross, R.P. (2018). The gut microbiota of marine fish. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00873"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897","article-title":"Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut","volume":"3","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1535","article-title":"Gut microbiota-generated metabolites in animal health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2010.02546.x","article-title":"Role of gastrointestinal microbiota in fish","volume":"41","author":"Nayak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8845-4","article-title":"Microbial degradation of sulfamethoxazole in the environment","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-018-0033-4","article-title":"A systematic review of the interaction between gut microbiota and host health from a symbiotic perspective","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, K.F., Ding, L.G., Wu, S., Wu, Z.B., Cheng, G.F., Zhai, X., Sun, R.H., and Xu, Z. (2021). Interactions between commensal microbiota and mucosal immunity in teleost fish during viral infection with SVCV. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.654758"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37114","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037114","article-title":"The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review","volume":"103","author":"Mhanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.05.040","article-title":"Microbial modulation of behavior and stress responses in zebrafish larvae","volume":"311","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10211-017-0270-7","article-title":"Effects of social isolation on growth, stress response, and immunity of zebrafish","volume":"20","author":"Forsatkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ethol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1960.tb00188.x","article-title":"A medium for the cultivation of lactobacilli","volume":"23","author":"Rogosa","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, AOAC International. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues","volume":"226","author":"Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4194\/1303-2712-v21_4_01","article-title":"Derivation and characterization of a new embryonic cell line from the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"21","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102640","article-title":"Insight into AMPK regulation mechanism in vivo and in vitro: Responses to low temperatures in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"91","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.04.003","article-title":"Metabolic responses in Scophthalmus maximus kidney subjected to thermal stress","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2026, March 25). Paralichthys olivaceus Heat Shock Protein 60 mRNA, Accession No. XM_020105844.1. GenBank, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nuccore\/XM_020105844.1."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsirep.2021.100049","article-title":"Alteration of hemoglobin \u03b2 gene expression in mucosal tissues of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, in response to heat stress, Edwardsiella piscicida infection, and immunostimulants administration","volume":"3","author":"Mori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Moniruzzaman, M., Farris, N., Min, T., and Bai, S.C. (2023). Interactive effect of dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and water temperature on growth performance, blood plasma indices, heat shock proteins, and GABAergic gene expression in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13050619"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2026, March 25). Paralichthys olivaceus Heat Shock Protein 90 Beta mRNA, Accession No. XM_020097585.1. GenBank, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nuccore\/XM_020097585.1."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12388","article-title":"Effect of various sources of dietary additive on growth, body composition, and serum chemistry of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.03.025","article-title":"Substitution effects of fishmeal with tuna byproduct meal in the diet on growth, body composition, plasma chemistry, and amino acid profiles of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"431","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12503","article-title":"Multifaceted applications of probiotic Bacillus species in aquaculture with special reference to Bacillus subtilis","volume":"13","author":"Nayak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-020-00630-0","article-title":"Bacillus as an aquaculture-friendly microbe","volume":"29","author":"James","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7065","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01502-7","article-title":"Dietary multi-strain Bacillus spp. enhanced growth performance, blood metabolites, digestive tissue histology, gene expression of Oreochromis niloticus, and resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection","volume":"32","author":"Dighiesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Won, S., Hamidoghli, A., Choi, W., Park, Y., Jang, W.J., Kong, I.S., and Bai, S.C. (2020). Effects of Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactococcus lactis on growth, immune responses, histology, and gene expression in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010067"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.05.035","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis as probiotic candidate for red sea bream: Growth performance, oxidative status, and immune response traits","volume":"79","author":"Zaineldin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.039","article-title":"Characterization of a Bacillus sp. KRF-7 isolated from the intestine of rockfish and effects of dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide in rockfish aquaculture","volume":"119","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.08.004","article-title":"The probiotic effects of host-associated Bacillus velezensis in diets for hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco \u2640 \u00d7 Pelteobagrus vachelli \u2642)","volume":"15","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-012-9588-3","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis on Aeromonas hydrophila infection resistance in juvenile freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)","volume":"21","author":"Keysami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.05.027","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, immune gene expression, and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"33","author":"Zokaeifar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38267-7","article-title":"Fructooligosaccharide and Bacillus subtilis synbiotic combination promoted disease resistance, but not growth performance, is additive in fish","volume":"13","author":"Pawar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukul, T., Abdul Kari, Z., T\u00e9llez-Isa\u00edas, G., and Ghosh, K. (2023). Autochthonous Bacilli and Fructooligosaccharide as Functional Feed Additives Improve Growth, Feed Utilisation, Haemato-Immunological Parameters and Disease Resistance in Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162631"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-019-00501-3","article-title":"The influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on hematological parameters in different fish species: A review","volume":"28","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3329\/jsr.v12i1.41716","article-title":"Oxidative stress in fish: A review","volume":"12","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menon, S.V., Kumar, A., Middha, S.K., Paital, B., Mathur, S., Johnson, R., Kademan, A., Usha, T., Hemavathi, K.N., and Dayal, S. (2023). Water physicochemical factors and oxidative stress physiology in fish: A review. Front. Environ. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1240813"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/jai.12641","article-title":"Reference values for selected hematological and serum biochemical parameters of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) juveniles under intensive aquaculture conditions","volume":"31","author":"Peres","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ichthyol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-02226-6","article-title":"Assessment of biochemical biomarkers and environmental stress indicators in some freshwater fish","volume":"46","author":"Abdallah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-025-01470-6","article-title":"Influences of thermal stress on the growth biometrics, stress indicators, oxidative stress biomarkers, and histopathological alterations in European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, juveniles","volume":"51","author":"Omar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.14321\/aehm.026.01.68","article-title":"Response of metabolic enzymes glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase in vivo exposed Oreochromis niloticus against organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid","volume":"26","author":"Amin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojarski, B., Witeska, M., and Kondera, E. (2025). Blood biochemical biomarkers in fish toxicology\u2014A review. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15070965"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-015-0171-5","article-title":"Contaminant-induced oxidative stress in fish: A mechanistic approach","volume":"42","author":"Lushchak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Cao, J., Qin, X., Qiu, W., Mei, J., and Xie, J. (2021). Toxic effects on bioaccumulation, hematological parameters, oxidative stress, immune responses, and tissue structure in fish exposed to ammonia nitrogen: A review. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113304"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26187-y","article-title":"Fish liver damage related to wastewater treatment plant effluents","volume":"30","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(03)00392-2","article-title":"Effect of chronic ammonia exposure on growth of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles","volume":"229","author":"Dosdat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2025.116315","article-title":"Effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the growth, antioxidant, immunity response, and intestinal microbiota in Bulatmai barbel (Luciobarbus capito)","volume":"324","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.26650\/ASE20231341460","article-title":"A review on the impact of thermal stress on fish biochemistry","volume":"39","author":"Roychowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19572-z","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor activation reduces food intake independent of hyperglycemia in zebrafish","volume":"12","author":"Nipu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00548.x","article-title":"Energy metabolism in the liver","volume":"4","author":"Rui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008924418720","article-title":"Cortisol in teleosts: Dynamics, mechanisms of action, and metabolic regulation","volume":"9","author":"Mommsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.03.020","article-title":"Stress transcriptomics in fish: A role for genomic cortisol signaling","volume":"164","author":"Aluru","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.14599","article-title":"Temperature increase and its effects on fish stress physiology in the context of global warming","volume":"98","author":"Alfonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-024-01416-4","article-title":"Chronic heat stress is capable of reducing the growth performance, causing damage to the liver structure, and altering the liver glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides L.)","volume":"51","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Shvartsburd, Z.S. (2024). The Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 in the Heat Shock-Mediated Behavioural and Metabolic Response in Zebrafish. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Calgary]."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.3.591","article-title":"The stress response in fish","volume":"77","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.08.089","article-title":"Adaptive response under multiple stress exposure in fish: From the molecular to individual level","volume":"188","author":"Gandar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2018.09.017","article-title":"Cortisol responses of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to air exposure, chasing, and increased water temperature","volume":"270","author":"Cockrem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008812500650","article-title":"Heat shock protein expression in fish","volume":"8","author":"Iwama","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(02)00687-X","article-title":"Heat shock protein genes and their functional significance in fish","volume":"295","author":"Basu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(02)00372-0","article-title":"The effects of stress on the association between HSP70 and the glucocorticoid receptor in rainbow trout","volume":"134","author":"Basu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0109005","article-title":"Heat shock proteins and immune system","volume":"85","author":"Tsan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00528.x","article-title":"The evolutionary and ecological role of heat shock proteins","volume":"6","author":"Kristensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-008-9259-5","article-title":"Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in fish","volume":"35","author":"Enes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.07.039","article-title":"Effect of dietary starch level on growth, metabolism enzyme, and oxidative status of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides","volume":"498","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2023.111523","article-title":"Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit paralogs in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides: Regulation by dietary starch levels and a glucose load","volume":"287","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11960.1","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase\u2014Not just an energy sensor","volume":"6","author":"Hardie","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00547-x","article-title":"New insights into activation and function of AMPK","volume":"24","author":"Steinberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/11\/1655\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T04:16:40Z","timestamp":1780201000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/11\/1655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16111655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16111655","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]}}}