{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:03:19Z","timestamp":1780549399541,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Taiwan","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding behavioral responses of dairy cows to thermal load under different milking-system environments is essential for welfare monitoring in subtropical production systems, yet field-based evidence remains limited. This study compared heat-related behavioral responses between an automated milking system (AMS) and a conventional parlor system under commercial subtropical conditions, with the hypothesis that cows in the AMS would exhibit more stable and less variable behavioral patterns under heat stress. Panting, feeding, and rumination were continuously monitored and analyzed at the barn level in relation to the temperature\u2013humidity index (THI). The AMS barn showed lower panting duration and reduced day-to-day variability, whereas the traditional barn exhibited higher panting levels and greater short-term fluctuations. Panting increased consistently with THI, showing a clear temporal trend (\u03b2 \u2248 0.65 min\/day), and emerged as the most sensitive indicator of thermal load, while feeding and rumination showed weaker responses. During heatwaves, panting increased markedly in both systems, with limited changes in feeding and rumination. Multivariate analyses (PCA) showed more compact clustering in the AMS barn, with higher variance explained along the first principal component (PC1 \u2248 44%), compared to greater dispersion in the traditional barn. These findings demonstrate that cows managed in the AMS exhibited more stable and less variable behavioral patterns under heat stress, whereas cows in the conventional parlor system showed higher panting levels and greater short-term fluctuations. These system-level differences directly address the study objective and support panting as a practical indicator for heat-stress monitoring in subtropical dairy systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16111665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:57:18Z","timestamp":1780070238000},"page":"1665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioral Indicators of Heat Stress in Dairy Cows Under Subtropical Conditions: Comparison of Milking Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chun-Hsuan","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Region Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 207-5, Bitoumian, Xihu Township, Miaoli County 368003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Chen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 106216, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau-Hwa","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 106216, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12651","article-title":"Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare","volume":"100","author":"Polsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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