{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:28:04Z","timestamp":1785421684486,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014271","name":"University of Life Sciences in Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBB.WWB.19.054.WET"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBB.WWB.19.054.WET"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SUBB.WWB.19.054.WET"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBB.WWB.19.054.WET"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03hq67y94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maintaining the pro- and antioxidative balance during pregnancy is crucial. Oxidative stress (OS) can complicate pregnancy and disrupt maternal\u2013foetal communication, which is partly mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). This study investigated how OS affects EV secretion by bovine caruncular epithelial cells isolated from the established bovine placenta (4th month of gestation). To induce OS, cells were treated for 48 h with 1% cigarette smoke extract (CSE), known to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, while controls remained untreated. EVs were isolated via ultracentrifugation (UC) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and characterized using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) technology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Western blotting (WB). WB confirmed small-EV enrichment in fractions 5\u20138 of SEC by detecting CD9 and flotillin-1 markers. TRPS analysis demonstrated that OS increased EV concentration. In fractions 5\u20136, CSE treatment increased EV concentration from 1.79 \u00d7 109 (mode diameter 127 nm) to 3.12 \u00d7 109 particles\/mL (122 nm). In fractions 7\u20138 of SEC, concentration rose from 4.48 \u00d7 1010 (84 nm) to 7.53 \u00d7 1010 particles\/mL (80 nm). These data indicate that OS increases EV secretion by bovine maternal epithelial cells, providing a basis for future studies on the potential role of stress-induced EVs in foetal\u2013maternal communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16111717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:52:30Z","timestamp":1780573950000},"page":"1717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Oxidative Stress on Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Caruncular Epithelial Cells Isolated from Bovine Placenta During Pregnancy\u2014Preliminary Results"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Jamio\u0142","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0631-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4565-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz P.","family":"Kowalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Wawrzykowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Kankofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.04.043","article-title":"The Bovine Placenta In Vivo and In Vitro","volume":"86","author":"Haeger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.07.002","article-title":"Bovine Caruncular Epithelial Cell Line (BCEC-1) Isolated from the Placenta Forms a Functional Epithelial Barrier in a Polarised Cell Culture Model","volume":"28","author":"Bridger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR2018-0015","article-title":"Placental Contribution to the Endocrinology of Gestation and Parturition","volume":"15","author":"Schuler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. 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