{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:07:09Z","timestamp":1780578429807,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nocardia spp. and Mycobacterium spp. are known etiological agents of granulomatous pulmonary infections in humans and animals; however, co-infections involving these pathogens have not previously been reported in veterinary medicine. This paper describes the first documented case of co-infection with Mycobacterium bovis and Nocardia spp. in a captive roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus). The animal was a 9-year-old female roan antelope from a safari park in northern Italy that died suddenly with a one-month history of weight loss. Post-mortem examination revealed severe, diffuse, chronic granulomatous pneumonia associated with fibrino-granulomatous pleuritis and granulomatous pericarditis. Histologically, multifocal to coalescing necrotizing granulomas were observed, with intralesional acid-fast bacteria. Microbiological culture and biomolecular analyses allowed the identification of M. bovis and Nocardia spp. in lung tissue samples. The Nocardia genome sequence was 98.5% similar to N. tengchongensis, a recently discovered species. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive diagnostic approaches in animal granulomatous lung disease. Mixed infections in captive wildlife represent a One Health concern, as the potential for zoonotic adaptation and transmission to humans cannot be excluded. Therefore, pathogen surveillance is of particular importance within zoological collections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16111721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:52:30Z","timestamp":1780573950000},"page":"1721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Report of Mycobacterium bovis and Nocardia spp. Co-Infection in a Roan Antelope"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1957-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Botta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8431-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Cuccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neva","family":"Cormio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Crocchianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veranex Preclinical Services, 42 Bd Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Goria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuelle","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cBacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment\u201d (BPOE) Research Group, CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR Ecologie Microbienne\u2014Lyon (LEM), 69280 Marcy l\u2019Etoile, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Mouni\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cBacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment\u201d (BPOE) Research Group, CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR Ecologie Microbienne\u2014Lyon (LEM), 69280 Marcy l\u2019Etoile, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Rodriguez Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cBacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment\u201d (BPOE) Research Group, CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR Ecologie Microbienne\u2014Lyon (LEM), 69280 Marcy l\u2019Etoile, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frine Eleonora","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00027-21","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00027-21","article-title":"Updated Review on Nocardia Species: 2006\u20132021","volume":"35","author":"Traxler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. 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