{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:07:17Z","timestamp":1780578437944,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This scoping review examines bovine respiratory disease (BRD) risk factors across beef production systems to clarify their contribution to disease occurrence and outcomes and to identify gaps that limit effective prevention. Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, eight databases (EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, MDPI, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Journal of Animal Science, Journal of Dairy Science, and Web of Science) were searched for peer-reviewed studies published between 2004 and 2024, yielding 91 eligible studies from 133 screened articles. Data were charted to assess how BRD risk factors have been investigated across cow\u2013calf, stocker\/backgrounding, and feedlot systems and categorized into biological, operational, and environmental domains. Twenty-three major risk factors were identified, with transportation stress and commingling most frequently studied in stocker and feedlot systems, while management-related factors such as vaccination were more commonly emphasized in cow\u2013calf operations. The evidence base was heavily skewed toward feedlot populations (62%), with limited focus on cow\u2013calf (13%) and stocker (7%) systems and few longitudinal studies spanning multiple production stages. Overall, the findings reveal substantial heterogeneity in research emphasis and highlight critical gaps in early-life and cross-stage risk assessment. These findings underscore an urgent need for longitudinal, cross-stage cohort studies and standardized BRD surveillance frameworks to address the early-life evidence gap and provide a foundation for more effective, data-driven, integrated disease prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16111726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:52:30Z","timestamp":1780573950000},"page":"1726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping Variability in Bovine Respiratory Disease Risk Factors in Beef Production Systems: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9208-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeolu","family":"Adekunle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexcia","family":"Gaines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Estefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devyani","family":"Lenin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyush","family":"Hole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhythm","family":"Khandelwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinaldo","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0557-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karun","family":"Kaniyamattam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa005","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa005","article-title":"An evaluation of the economic effects of bovine respiratory disease on animal performance, carcass traits, and economic outcomes in feedlot cattle defined using four BRD diagnosis methods","volume":"98","author":"McMeniman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01086-1","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms of viral and bacterial coinfections in bovine respiratory disease: A comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence","volume":"53","author":"Gaudino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.03.008","article-title":"The role of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine respiratory disease outbreaks in veal calf feedlots","volume":"177","author":"Arcangioli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7095","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19471","article-title":"Scoping review on clinical definition of bovine respiratory disease complex and related clinical signs in dairy cows","volume":"104","author":"Ferraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Woolums, A.R. (2026, June 01). Risk factors for BRD on cow-calf operations, American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, Available online: https:\/\/bovine-ojs-tamu.tdl.org\/aabp\/article\/view\/3561."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1095","article-title":"The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: What is the evidence for predisposing factors?","volume":"51","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.18.0428","article-title":"Current situation and future trends for beef production in the United States of America\u2014A review","volume":"31","author":"Drouillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2020.03.008","article-title":"The Effect of Market Forces on Bovine Respiratory Disease","volume":"36","author":"Peel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abi Younes, J.N., Campbell, J.R., Otto, S.J.G., Gow, S.P., Woolums, A.R., Jelinski, M., Lacoste, S., and Waldner, C.L. (2024). Variation in Pen-Level Prevalence of BRD Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance Following Feedlot Arrival in Beef Calves. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040322"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adekunle, A., and Kaniyamattam, K. (2026). Bovine Respiratory Disease: Epidemiological Drivers, Transmission Dynamics, and Economic Implications in Beef Production Systems. Agriculture, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture16030311"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.04.004","article-title":"Bacterial Pathogens of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex","volume":"26","author":"Griffin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamel, M.S., Davidson, J.L., and Verma, M.S. (2024). Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040627"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padalino, B., Cirone, F., Zappaterra, M., Tullio, D., Ficco, G., Giustino, A., Ndiana, L.A., and Pratelli, A. (2021). Factors Affecting the Development of Bovine Respiratory Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Beef Steers Shipped From France to Italy. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.627894"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-046","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: Environmental, genetic, and economic factors","volume":"84","author":"Snowder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.105989","article-title":"Risk factors associated with calf mortality in Western Canadian cow-calf operations","volume":"218","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S146625230999020X","article-title":"Update on viral pathogenesis in BRD","volume":"10","author":"Ellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.04.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Pathology of Bovine Pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"Panciera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarnall, M., Amovilli, F., Assi\u00e9, S., Bokma, J., Pugh, M., and Werling, D. (2024). Identifying and addressing barriers and opportunities for bovine respiratory disease complex vaccination: A consensus paper on practical recommendations for best practise vaccination. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1368060"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.04.006","article-title":"Metaphylactic Antimicrobial Therapy for Bovine Respiratory Disease in Stocker and Feedlot Cattle","volume":"26","author":"Nickell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ider, M. (2022). Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRD), Unique Scientific Publishers."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.07.001","article-title":"Risk factors for bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle: Use of a causal diagram-informed approach to estimate effects of animal mixing and movements before feedlot entry","volume":"117","author":"Hay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2020.03.004","article-title":"Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis","volume":"36","author":"Buczinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.11.006","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of clinical illness for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) diagnosis in beef cattle placed in feedlots: A systematic literature review and hierarchical Bayesian latent-class meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Timsit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30302-9","article-title":"Economic impact associated with respiratory disease in beef cattle","volume":"13","author":"Griffin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad281.493","article-title":"PSVI-12 Comparison of a Visual Health Scoring System with Vaginal Temperatures of Newly Received Feedlot Heifers","volume":"101","author":"Smithyman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00981.x","article-title":"Efficacy of metaphylactic florfenicol therapy during natural outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease","volume":"31","author":"Catry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemon, J.L., and McMenamy, M.J. (2021). A Review of UK-Registered and Candidate Vaccines for Bovine Respiratory Disease. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0082.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Pickett, A.T. (2025, October 16). Managerial and Nutritional Strategies to Modulate the Various Microbiota of Beef Cattle to Improve Efficiency of Beef Operations. Available online: https:\/\/oaktrust.library.tamu.edu\/items\/c6cbb44e-fa94-4316-bf00-1956b91412c5."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhermie, G., Verteramo Chiu, L., Kaniyamattam, K., Tauer, L.W., Scott, H.M., and Gr\u00f6hn, Y.T. (2019). Antimicrobial Policies in United States Beef Production: Choosing the Right Instruments to Reduce Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Under Structural and Market Constraints. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00245"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"txaf067","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaf067","article-title":"Comparison of a novel bovine respiratory disease prediction technology and an automated animal disease detection technology to traditional methods in a U.S. feedlot","volume":"9","author":"Schupbach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.10.0327","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in bovine respiratory disease prevention, diagnosis, and classification","volume":"86","author":"Prosser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf300.136","article-title":"400 Design and development of artificial intelligence driven decision support systems for sustainable livestock systems in United States","volume":"103","author":"Kaniyamattam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12726","article-title":"A method for assessing sustainability, with beef production as an example","volume":"96","author":"Broom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raboisson, D., Trillat, P., and Cahuzac, C. (2016). Failure of Passive Immune Transfer in Calves: A Meta-Analysis on the Consequences and Assessment of the Economic Impact. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150452"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mijar, S., van der Meer, F., Pajor, E., Hodder, A., Louden, J.M., Thompson, S., and Orsel, K. (2023). Impacts of commingling preconditioned and auction-derived beef calves on bovine respiratory disease related morbidity, mortality, and weight gain. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1137078"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cirone, F., Padalino, B., Tullio, D., Capozza, P., Losurdo, M., Lanave, G., and Pratelli, A. (2019). Prevalence of Pathogens Related to Bovine Respiratory Disease Before and After Transportation in Beef Steers: Preliminary Results. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121093"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s-Lasheras, S., Jelinski, M., Zaheer, R., and McAllister, T.A. (2022). Bovine Respiratory Disease: Conventional to Culture-Independent Approaches to Studying Antimicrobial Resistance in North America. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040487"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalman, D., and Ward, C.E. (2005). Effects of Preconditioning on Health, Performance and Prices of Weaned Calves, American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings.","DOI":"10.21423\/aabppro20054792"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratelli, A., and Padalino, B. (2022). Editorial: Evolving Prospects of Bovine Respiratory Diseases and Management in Feedlot Cattle. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.854844"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb13367.x","article-title":"The medicine and epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease in feedlots","volume":"81","author":"Cusack","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.03.017","article-title":"Associations between feedlot management practices and bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle","volume":"128","author":"Hay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-521X(03)00070-2","article-title":"A decision support system to improve individual cattle management. 1. A mechanistic, dynamic model for animal growth","volume":"79","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf300.288","article-title":"Feedlot economic visualization decision support tool for sustainable beef production","volume":"103","author":"Adekunle","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anscip.2025.08.203","article-title":"48. An agent-based modeling framework for bovine respiratory disease management in integrated beef supply chains","volume":"16","author":"Adekunle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. Proc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2022.105041","article-title":"Carcass characteristics and prediction of individual cuts and boneless yield of Bos indicus and Bos indicus \u00d7 Bos taurus bulls differing in age","volume":"264","author":"Yar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf300.060","article-title":"388 Epidemiological risk factor dynamics of Bovine Respiratory Disease in U.S. beef production systems","volume":"103","author":"Adekunle","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1521","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of risk factors associated with bovine respiratory disease treatment failure in feedlot cattle1","volume":"95","author":"Avra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.4.538","article-title":"Producer survey of herd-level risk factors for nursing beef calf respiratory disease","volume":"243","author":"Woolums","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gwaka, J.K., Demafo, M.A., N\u2019konzi, J.N., Pak, A., Olumoh, J., Elfaki, F., and Adegboye, O.A. (2023). Machine-Learning Approach for Risk Estimation and Risk Prediction of the Effect of Climate on Bovine Respiratory Disease. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11061354"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106031","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between housing environmental factors and bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves\u2014Part 1: Ammonia, air microbial count, particulate matter and endotoxins","volume":"300\u2013302","author":"Donlon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Negri Bernardino, P., Fausak, E., Van Noord, M., and Maier, G. (2022). Scoping Review on Risk Factors and Methods for the Prevention of Bovine Respiratory Disease Applicable to Cow-Calf Operations. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030334"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","article-title":"Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews","volume":"18","author":"Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2023-02396","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of intranasal and parenteral vaccines for prevention of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot heifers","volume":"39","author":"Szasz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2020-02089","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease during the mid-portion of the feeding period: Observations of frequency, timing, and population from the field","volume":"37","author":"Theurer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"27","article-title":"Prevention and Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease","volume":"3","author":"Grooms","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s-Lasheras, S., Ha, R., Zaheer, R., Lee, C., Booker, C.W., Dorin, C., Van Donkersgoed, J., Deardon, R., Gow, S., and Hannon, S.J. (2021). Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Related to Bovine Respiratory Disease\u2014A Broad Cross-Sectional Study of Beef Cattle at Entry into Canadian Feedlots. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.692646"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"33","article-title":"Predicting cumulative risk of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) using feedlot arrival data and daily morbidity and mortality counts","volume":"77","author":"Babcock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab361","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab361","article-title":"Factors associated with bovine respiratory disease case fatality in feedlot cattle","volume":"100","author":"Hick","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109701","article-title":"Cluster analysis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD)-associated pathogens shows the existence of two epidemiological patterns in BRD outbreaks","volume":"280","author":"Arnal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2022.03.001","article-title":"High-Risk Cattle Management and Stocker Calf Health: Modulation of the Bovine Respiratory Microbiome from a Systems Perspective","volume":"38","author":"Credille","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2020.03.011","article-title":"How Does Housing Influence Bovine Respiratory Disease in Confinement Cow-Calf Operations?","volume":"36","author":"Engelken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"581","article-title":"Comparison of postweaning bovine respiratory disease treatment rates between non-vaccinated control beef calves and calves variably primed and boosted using commercially available bovine coronavirus vaccines","volume":"65","author":"Erickson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, M.M., Woolums, A.R., Karisch, B.B., Harvey, K.M., Capik, S.F., and Scott, M.A. (2023). Influence of the At-Arrival Host Transcriptome on Bovine Respiratory Disease Incidence during Backgrounding. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10030211"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2020.02.005","article-title":"Details to Attend to When Managing High-Risk Cattle","volume":"36","author":"Groves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, J.A., Isaiah, A., Bobe, G., Estill, C.T., Bishop-Stewart, J.K., Davis, T.Z., Suchodolski, J.S., and Pirelli, G.J. (2020). Feeding selenium-biofortified alfalfa hay during the preconditioning period improves growth, carcass weight, and nasal microbial diversity of beef calves. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242771"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.01.013","article-title":"Associations between animal characteristic and environmental risk factors and bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle","volume":"125","author":"Hay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.02.006","article-title":"Associations between prior management of cattle and risk of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle","volume":"127","author":"Hay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.03.001","article-title":"Population-level effects of risk factors for bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle","volume":"140","author":"Hay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17486","article-title":"Pathogen-specific risk factors in acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in calves","volume":"103","author":"Pardon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01094-1","article-title":"Modelling the effects of antimicrobial metaphylaxis and pen size on bovine respiratory disease in high and low risk fattening cattle","volume":"53","author":"Picault","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106009","article-title":"Modeling the effects of farming practices on bovine respiratory disease in a multi-batch cattle fattening farm","volume":"219","author":"Picault","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.04.008","article-title":"Control Methods for Bovine Respiratory Disease in Stocker Cattle","volume":"26","author":"Sweiger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252309990144","article-title":"Genetics, environment and bovine respiratory disease","volume":"10","author":"Snowder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2022-02311","article-title":"Risk factors for mid- and late-feeding-stage bovine respiratory morbidity and mortality based on individual animal treatments of beef feedlot cattle","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2022-02312","article-title":"Determining relevant risk factors associated with mid- and late-feeding-stage bovine respiratory disease morbidity in cohorts of beef feedlot cattle","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252320000110","article-title":"Risk factors for bovine respiratory disease in beef cattle","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.06.005","article-title":"Mycoplasma bovis and bovine respiratory disease: A risk factor study in Australian feeder cattle","volume":"157","author":"Schibrowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106130","article-title":"Effects of vaccination timing and target pathogens on performances and antimicrobial use in long-transported Charolais beef cattle from France to Italy\u2014A retrospective study","volume":"224","author":"Santinello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, H.A., White, B.J., Amrine, D.E., and Larson, R.L. (2022). Predicting Bovine Respiratory Disease Risk in Feedlot Cattle in the First 45 Days Post Arrival. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040442"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobrega, D., Andres-Lasheras, S., Zaheer, R., McAllister, T., Homerosky, E., Anholt, R.M., and Dorin, C. (2021). Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Respiratory Pathogens Isolated From Suckling Beef Calves to Reprocessing at the Feedlot: A Longitudinal Study. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.764701"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neupane, S., Nayduch, D., and Zurek, L. (2019). House Flies (Musca domestica) Pose a Risk of Carriage and Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10100358"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.08.009","article-title":"A retrospective epidemiological analysis of risk factors for a primary necropsy diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease","volume":"132","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Mukiibi, R., Jiminez, J., Wang, Z., Akanno, E.C., Timsit, E., and Plastow, G.S. (2022). Applying multi-omics data to study the genetic background of bovine respiratory disease infection in feedlot crossbred cattle. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1046192"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.04.005","article-title":"Contribution of the Mucosal Microbiota to Bovine Respiratory Health","volume":"27","author":"Zeineldin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13172","article-title":"Respiratory viruses identified in western Canadian beef cattle by metagenomic sequencing and their association with bovine respiratory disease","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1351","article-title":"The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: What is the evidence for preventive measures?","volume":"51","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin, M.S., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S., Waldner, M., Mel\u00e9ndez, D.M., Niu, Y.D., and Alexander, T.W. (2023). Auction market placement and a rest stop during transportation affect the respiratory bacterial microbiota of beef cattle. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1192763"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2021.104666","article-title":"Predictive modeling of bovine respiratory disease outcomes in feedlot cattle: A narrative review","volume":"251","author":"Wisnieski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3390\/ruminants3040032","article-title":"Factors Affecting Antibody-Mediated Immune Response and Cellular-Mediated Immune Response in Weaned Brahman Calves","volume":"3","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ruminants"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werid, G.M., Van, T.D., Miller, D., Hemmatzadeh, F., Fulton, R.W., Kirkwood, R., and Petrovski, K. (2024). Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Virus Detection Methods and Prevalence in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030494"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanguinetti, V.M., Adams, C., Campbell, J., Checkley, S.L., and Windeyer, C. (2024). An Expert Consensus Study Regarding Management Practices to Prevent Infectious Mortality in Preweaned Beef Calves in Western Canada. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11100453"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hing, S., Foster, S., and Evans, D. (2021). Animal Welfare Risks in Live Cattle Export from Australia to China by Sea. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102862"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werid, G.M., Hemmatzadeh, F., Miller, D., Reichel, M.P., Messele, Y.E., and Petrovski, K. (2023). Comparative Analysis of the Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Cattle Populations Based on Detection Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12081067"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3390\/ruminants3040025","article-title":"Calf Health, Feeding and Social Behaviours within Groups Fed on Automatic Milk Feeders","volume":"3","author":"Mahendran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ruminants"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem, E., Dhanasekaran, V., Cassard, H., Hause, B., Maman, S., Meyer, G., and Ducatez, M.F. (2020). Global Transmission, Spatial Segregation, and Recombination Determine the Long-Term Evolution and Epidemiology of Bovine Coronaviruses. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050534"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catania, S., Gastaldelli, M., Schiavon, E., Matucci, A., Tondo, A., Merenda, M., and Nicholas, R.A.J. (2020). Infection Dynamics of Mycoplasma bovis and Other Respiratory Mycoplasmas in Newly Imported Bulls on Italian Fattening Farms. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070537"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cummings, D.B., Groves, J.T., and Turner, B.L. (2023). Assessing the Role of Systems Thinking for Stocker Cattle Operations. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020069"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, B., White, B., Lancaster, P., and Larson, R. (2023). An Evaluation of Temporal Distributions of High, Low, and Zero Cohort Morbidity of Cumulative First Treatment Bovine Respiratory Disease and Their Associations with Demographic, Health, and Performance Outcomes in US Feedlot Cattle. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020089"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrose, R.K., Blakebrough-Hall, C., Gravel, J.L., Gonzalez, L.A., and Mahony, T.J. (2023). Characterisation of the Upper Respiratory Tract Virome of Feedlot Cattle and Its Association with Bovine Respiratory Disease. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020455"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fossen, J.D., Campbell, J.R., Gow, S.P., Erickson, N., and Waldner, C.L. (2023). Antimicrobial Use in Canadian Cow\u2013Calf Herds. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050366"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wisnieski, L., Amrine, D.E., and Renter, D.G. (2022). Predictive Models for Weekly Cattle Mortality after Arrival at a Feeding Location Using Records, Weather, and Transport Data at Time of Purchase. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040473"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horton, L.M., Depenbusch, B.E., Dewsbury, D.M., McAtee, T.B., Betts, N.B., and Renter, D.G. (2023). Comprehensive Outcomes Affected by Antimicrobial Metaphylaxis of Feedlot Calves at Medium-Risk for Bovine Respiratory Disease from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020067"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2020-02090","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease during the mid-portion of the feeding period: Observations from vaccination history, viral and bacterial prevalence, and rate of gain in feedlot cattle","volume":"37","author":"Theurer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.11.002","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease in beef calves supported long transport stress: An epidemiological study and strategies for control and prevention","volume":"135","author":"Pratelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.02.020","article-title":"Randomized, non-inferiority trial comparing a nitric oxide releasing solution with a macrolide antibiotic for control of bovine respiratory disease in beef feedlot calves at high-risk of developing respiratory tract disease","volume":"105","author":"Crepieux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.06.016","article-title":"Prophylactic nitric oxide treatment reduces incidence of bovine respiratory disease complex in beef cattle arriving at a feedlot","volume":"95","author":"Church","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.09.021","article-title":"The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography","volume":"93","author":"Schaefer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106354","article-title":"Harnessing uncertainty: A deep mechanistic approach for cautious diagnostic and forecast of Bovine Respiratory Disease","volume":"233","author":"Rouault","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105469","article-title":"Decision tree analysis for pathogen identification based on circumstantial factors in outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease in calves","volume":"196","author":"Lowie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.01.025","article-title":"Effects of exposure to Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 on risk of bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle","volume":"126","author":"Hay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.04.008","article-title":"Non-inferiority of nitric oxide releasing intranasal spray compared to sub-therapeutic antibiotics to reduce incidence of undifferentiated fever and bovine respiratory disease complex in low to moderate risk beef cattle arriving at a commercial feedlot","volume":"138","author":"McMullin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.11.025","article-title":"A mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis of antibiotic treatments for bovine respiratory disease","volume":"110","author":"Coetzee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2020.105532","article-title":"Effectiveness of two intranasal vaccines for the control of bovine respiratory disease in newborn beef calves: A randomized non-inferiority multicentre field trial","volume":"263","author":"Masset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.09.012","article-title":"Evolving views on bovine respiratory disease: An appraisal of selected key pathogens\u2014Part 1","volume":"217","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.09.013","article-title":"Evolving views on bovine respiratory disease: An appraisal of selected control measures\u2014Part 2","volume":"217","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.02.013","article-title":"A nation-wide epidemiological study of acute bovine respiratory disease in France","volume":"89","author":"Gay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab363","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab363","article-title":"Hematological and immunological responses to naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in newly received beef calves in a commercial stocker farm","volume":"100","author":"Akter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4599","article-title":"Associations between the distance traveled from sale barns to commercial feedlots in the United States and overall performance, risk of respiratory disease, and cumulative mortality in feeder cattle during 1997 to 2009","volume":"90","author":"Cernicchiaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky054","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of enrofloxacin to that of tulathromycin for the control of bovine respiratory disease and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Mannheimia haemolytica in calves at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease","volume":"96","author":"Crosby","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4657","article-title":"Associations between weather conditions during the first 45 days after feedlot arrival and daily respiratory disease risks in autumn-placed feeder cattle in the United States1","volume":"90","author":"Cernicchiaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skac194","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac194","article-title":"Feeding a high-energy finishing diet upon arrival to high-risk feedlot calves: Effects on health, performance, ruminal pH, rumination, serum metabolites, and carcass traits","volume":"100","author":"Crawford","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Wilkins, W.C. (2015). Evaluation of Initial Body Weight and Supplementation Levels on Health and Performance of Newly Received Stocker Calves\u2014ProQuest, Mississippi State University."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"2170","article-title":"Beef Species Symposium: Best management practices for newly weaned calves for improved health and well-being","volume":"95","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-8030","article-title":"Feeding behavior as an early predictor of bovine respiratory disease in North American feedlot systems","volume":"93","author":"Wolfger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.8361247x","article-title":"Influence of breed, heterozygosity, and disease incidence on estimates of variance components of respiratory disease in preweaned beef calves","volume":"83","author":"Snowder","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skae113","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae113","article-title":"Genomic estimated breeding values for bovine respiratory disease resistance in Angus feedlot cattle","volume":"102","author":"Hayes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4600","article-title":"Effects of body weight loss during transit from sale barns to commercial feedlots on health and performance in feeder cattle cohorts arriving to feedlots from 2000 to 2008","volume":"90","author":"Cernicchiaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2024-02663","article-title":"Invited Review: Effects of management on performance of stocker cattle and subsequent feedlot performance: A review within Applied Animal Science","volume":"41","author":"Snider","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"373","article-title":"Risk factors for initial respiratory disease in United States\u2019 feedlots based on producer-collected daily morbidity counts","volume":"49","author":"Sanderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Karisch, B. (2026, January 24). Considerations for Managing Stocker Cattle: Impacts on BRD. Available online: https:\/\/vitaferm.com\/2017\/01\/17\/considerations-for-managing-stocker-cattle-impacts-on-brd\/."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.21423\/bovine-vol52no2p146-153","article-title":"Case report: Analysis of risk factors and production effects following an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease in Stocker cattle","volume":"52","author":"Hubbard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bov. Pract."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.03.001","article-title":"Innate Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease","volume":"26","author":"Ackermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/11\/1726\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:23:30Z","timestamp":1780575810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/11\/1726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16111726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16111726","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]}}}