{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:01:43Z","timestamp":1780938103149,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless ultrasound (US) probes for point of care (POC) evaluation of horses presented for veterinary evaluation of colic have become widely available in recent years. The availability and performance of this technology mean POCUS is readily available to the equine practitioner and the technology is well suited to patient evaluation or serial monitoring in first opinion practice. In human health care and veterinary contexts, it has been suggested that there is a need for practitioners to better appreciate the value of POCUS for assessment of gastrointestinal structure and function. This study was conducted as a narrative review of the literature relating to the use of abdominal sonography in equine clinical practice, juxtaposed with recent publications on the use of POCUS in human health care settings and extended to include the authors\u2019 experiences of POCUS in the evaluation of horses presenting with select abdominal conditions. Common sonographic views are described and representative images are presented to facilitate practitioner use of the technique. By distillation of the available literature and review of sonographic techniques our aim is to provide a resource for equine practitioners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16121770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:25:16Z","timestamp":1780935916000},"page":"1770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Imaging of the Equine Abdomen Using Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS)\u2014A Resource for the Equine Practitioner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1645-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Freccero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Padalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Carstens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5558-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharanne L.","family":"Raidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Understanding abdominal ultrasonography in horses: Which way is up?","volume":"33","author":"Barton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1995.tb00212.x","article-title":"Duodenal ultrasonography in the normal adult horse","volume":"36","author":"Kirberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"134","article-title":"Evaluation of gastrointestinal activity patterns in healthy horses using B mode and Doppler ultrasonography","volume":"46","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, S., Cooper, J., and Freeman, S. (2014). Evaluation of normal findings using a detailed and focused technique for transcutaneous abdominal ultrasonography in the horse. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-S1-S5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2023.03.006","article-title":"Abdominal sonographic evaluation: In the field, at the hospital, and after surgery","volume":"39","author":"Coleman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2017.11.001","article-title":"Techniques and accuracy of abdominal ultrasound in gastrointestinal diseases of horses and foals","volume":"34","author":"Cribb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2014.04.011","article-title":"Ultrasound of the equine acute abdomen","volume":"30","author":"Whitcomb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.02.017","article-title":"Evaluation of a protocol for fast localised abdominal sonography of horses (FLASH) admitted for colic","volume":"188","author":"Busoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13940","article-title":"Preliminary study to evaluate the use of fast abdominal ultrasonography of horses with colic in first opinion ambulatory practice","volume":"36","author":"Corrie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2021.04.010","article-title":"Management of colic in the field","volume":"37","author":"Rhodes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-211197","article-title":"Wireless point-of-care ultrasound: First experiences with a new generation handheld device","volume":"79","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-018-0209-y","article-title":"Diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) for gastrointestinal pathology: State of the art from basics to advanced","volume":"13","author":"Cevik","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2020.07.004","article-title":"Handheld point-of-care ultrasound probes: The new generation of POCUS","volume":"34","author":"Baribeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02284-5","article-title":"Point of care ultrasonography from the emergency department to the internal medicine ward: Current trends and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Leidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103672","article-title":"Pocket-sized ultrasound versus traditional ultrasound images in equine imaging: A pictorial essay","volume":"104","author":"Deacon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-22-00480.1","article-title":"Narrative reviews: Flexible, rigorous, and practical","volume":"14","author":"Sukhera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1179\/2047480615Z.000000000329","article-title":"Writing narrative style literature reviews","volume":"24","author":"Ferrari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Writ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.08.025","article-title":"Research synthesis in veterinary science: Narrative reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analysis","volume":"206","author":"Sargeant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"165","article-title":"Using narrative literature reviews to build a scientific knowledge base","volume":"16","author":"Rumrill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02452.x","article-title":"Applications of diagnostic ultrasound in veterinary medicine","volume":"14","author":"Pipers","year":"1982","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30740-X","article-title":"Uses of ultrasound in equine internal medicine","volume":"2","author":"Byars","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.24.4.204","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the equine abdomen: Techniques and normal findings","volume":"24","author":"Freeman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1053\/ctep.2002.35579","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the abdomen in the horse with colic","volume":"1","author":"Scharner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Tech. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"White, N.A. (1990). Examination and diagnosis of the acute abdomen. The Equine Acute Abdomen, Lea and Febiger."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Reef, V.B. (1998). Equine diagnostic ultrasound. Equine Diagnostic Ultrasound, W.B. Saunders. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13060","article-title":"Incidence of superficial abdominal organ identification is similar using high-frequency linear (transrectal) and low-frequency curvilinear (abdominal) transducers in clinically healthy horses: A pilot study","volume":"63","author":"Haardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haardt, H., Romero, A.E., Boysen, S.R., and Tan, J.Y. (2023). Comparison of transrectal and transabdominal transducers for use in fast localized abdominal sonography of horses presenting with colic. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1307938"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-015-0494-z","article-title":"Out of hospital point of care ultrasound: Current use models and future directions","volume":"42","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.2.153","article-title":"Transcutaneous ultrasonographic evaluation of gastric distension with fluid in horses","volume":"68","author":"Lores","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00418.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evidence of colonic mesenteric vessels as an indicator of right dorsal displacement of the large colon in 13 horses","volume":"43","author":"Grenager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"378","article-title":"Ultrasonographic visualization of colonic mesenteric vasculature as an indicator of large colon right dorsal displacement or 180\u00b0 volvulus (or both) in horses","volume":"53","author":"Ness","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105468","article-title":"Ultrasonographic visualisation of the mesenteric vasculature in horses with large colon colic","volume":"186","author":"Bolt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104878","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of small intestinal motility following hyoscine butylbromide administration in horses: A pilot study","volume":"128","author":"Haugaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i14.2144","article-title":"Diagnosis of bowel diseases: The role of imaging and ultrasonography","volume":"19","author":"Roccarina","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.70068","article-title":"Imaging of the equine abdomen using point of care ultrasound (POCUS): Effects of sedation on intestinal motility in horses","volume":"104","author":"Freccero","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, T., Kendall, A., Finne, R., Law, E., Ringdahl, A., and Nostell, K. (2026). Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of ultrasonographic intestinal wall thickness measurements in healthy horses. Equine Vet. J.","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70147"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03773.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal well-being during late gestation: Development of an equine biophysical profile","volume":"28","author":"Reef","year":"1996","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13202","article-title":"Equine duodenal motility, assessed by ultrasonography, as a predictor of reflux and survival following colic surgery","volume":"33","author":"Lawson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raidal, S.L., Freccero, F., Carstens, A., Weaver, S., and Padalino, B. (2025). Road transportation is associated with decreased intestinal motility in horses. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1647236"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20020609","article-title":"Sonographic investigations of the motility of the duodenum (Pars descendens) in normal adult horses","volume":"18","author":"Uhlig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.08.007","article-title":"Reliability of intestinal ultrasound for evaluating Crohn\u2019s disease activity using point-of-care and central reading","volume":"23","author":"Goodsall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2687","article-title":"Gastrointestinal ultrasound in the critically ill: A narrative review and a proposal for a protocol","volume":"48","author":"Mihnovits","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00428.x","article-title":"Is there a statistical correlation between ultrasonographic findings and definitive diagnosis in horses with acute abdominal pain?","volume":"43","author":"Beccati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.09.1597","article-title":"Use of diagnostic ultrasonography in horses with signs of acute abdominal pain","volume":"209","author":"Klohnen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13059","article-title":"Ex vivo ultrasonographic and histological morphometry of small intestinal wall layers in horses","volume":"63","author":"Diana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13562","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of sand enteropathy in the horse","volume":"34","author":"Sykes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Ed."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2447-2451","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of the effects of the administration of neostigmine and metoclopramide on duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractility in Arabian horses: A comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Beder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00399.x","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of pasture and stable management on large intestinal motility in the horse, measured using transcutaneous ultrasonography","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01715.x","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of transabdominal ultrasonographic intestinal wall thickness measurements in Thoroughbred horses","volume":"51","author":"Bithell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein, K.L., and Hall, M.D. (2022). Effect of nasogastric tube placement, manipulation, and fluid administration on transcutaneous ultrasound visualization and assessment of stomach position in healthy unfed and fed horses. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233433"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"278","article-title":"Comparison of the findings of rectal examination and ultrasonographic findings in horses with colic","volume":"43","author":"Scharner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"366","article-title":"Comparison between gastric ultrasonography findings and the obtained reflux amounts in warmblood horses First results","volume":"47","author":"Bankert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.11.003","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic evaluation of small intestine wall thickness in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in horses: A retrospective study","volume":"37","author":"Ceriotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.2.253","article-title":"Hemoperitoneum in horses: 67 cases (1989\u20132004)","volume":"229","author":"Dechant","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.11.004","article-title":"Introduction of a new fetal examination protocol for on-field and clinical equine practice","volume":"125","author":"Vincze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0909487","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasonography","volume":"364","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.102982","article-title":"The utility of point of care ultrasonography (POCUS)","volume":"71","author":"Hashim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinme.2025.100306","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound reduces the impact on departmental radiology and echocardiography services: Results of 1-year service evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Simon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.23710","article-title":"Multi-organ clinical ultrasound as a complement to the diagnostic process in an internal medicine consultation","volume":"52","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2024.08.004","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound in clinical care: Abdomen","volume":"109","author":"Schutzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-024-01182-5","article-title":"Impact of emergency physician performed ultrasound in the evaluation of adult patients with acute abdominal pain: A prospective randomized bicentric trial","volume":"32","author":"Brau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2024.08.006","article-title":"Intestinal ultrasound in common gastrointestinal disorders: An evidence-based approach","volume":"109","author":"Piro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.23876","article-title":"Abdominal POCUS education for clinicians: A systematic review of teaching methods for point-of-care abdominal ultrasonography","volume":"53","author":"Sveinsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, A., and Theophanous, R.G. (2024). Point-of-care ultrasound use in austere environments: A scoping review. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312017"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merkel, D., Lueders, C., Schneider, C., Yousefzada, M., Ruppert, J., Weimer, A., Herzog, M., Lorenz, L.A., Vieth, T., and Buggenhagen, H. (2024). Prospective comparison of nine different handheld ultrasound (HHUS) devices by ultrasound experts with regard to B-scan quality, device handling and software in abdominal sonography. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14171913"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4812-1","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of ultrasound probes in different radiological institutions before and after specific hygiene training: Do we have a general hygienical problem?","volume":"27","author":"Sartoretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuevas-Ramos, G., Domenech, L., and Prades, M. (2019). Small Intestine Ultrasound findings on horses following exploratory laparotomy. Can we predict postoperative reflux?. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121106"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X456040","article-title":"Use of ultrasound to evaluate outcome following colic surgery for equine large colon volvulus","volume":"42","author":"Sheats","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13974","article-title":"Maximising the use of point-of-care ultrasonography of the adult equine abdomen and thorax","volume":"36","author":"Norman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Ed."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitale, V., Nocera, I., van Galen, G., Sgorbini, M., Conte, G., Aliboni, B., and Verwilghen, D. (2023). Breath alcohol test results in equine veterinarians after performing an abdominal ultrasound with ethanol. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10030222"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v81i4.150","article-title":"The impact of ultrasound during emergency after-hour admissions of horses","volume":"81","author":"Viljoen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.09.0511","article-title":"Evaluation of remote assistance for point-of-care ultrasonography in a large animal hospital: A controlled randomized trial","volume":"262","author":"Leduc","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12990","article-title":"Assessing gastrointestinal motility in healthy horses comparing auscultation, ultrasonography and an acoustic gastrointestinal surveillance biosensor: A randomised, blinded, controlled crossover proof of principle study","volume":"51","author":"VanderBroek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"168","article-title":"Effect of Buscopan compositum on the motility of the duodenum, cecum and left ventral colon in healthy conscious horses","volume":"124","author":"Gomaa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41526","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41526","article-title":"Effects of single-dose prucalopride on intestinal hypomotility in horses: Preliminary observations","volume":"7","author":"Laus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.03.011","article-title":"Gastrointestinal effects of general anaesthesia in horses undergoing non abdominal surgery: Focus on the clinical parameters and ultrasonographic images","volume":"124","author":"Salciccia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2009.01561.x","article-title":"Transcutaneous ultrasonographic evaluation of the air-filled equine stomach and duodenum following gastroscopy","volume":"50","author":"Kihurani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.00367.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal ultrasonography in normal adult ponies","volume":"49","author":"Epstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12717","article-title":"Fast vs. detailed ultrasound scan for decision making in colic","volume":"29","author":"Fairburn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16446","article-title":"Focused cardiac ultrasound examination in the emergency and critical care horse: Training for non-specialist veterinarians and evaluation of proficiency","volume":"36","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Int. Med."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/12\/1770\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:39:29Z","timestamp":1780936769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/12\/1770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16121770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16121770","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]}}}